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  • Verb meanings 
      Show all Verb meanings or select one of the 80 core meanings:
    • ASK FOR
    • BE A HUNTER
    • BEAT
    • BE DRY
    • BE HUNGRY
    • BE SAD
    • BLINK
    • BOIL
    • BREAK
    • BRING
    • BUILD
    • BURN
    • CARRY
    • CLIMB
    • COOK
    • COUGH
    • COVER
    • CUT
    • DIE
    • DIG
    • DRESS
    • EAT
    • FEAR
    • FEEL COLD
    • FEEL PAIN
    • FILL
    • FOLLOW
    • FRIGHTEN
    • GIVE
    • GO
    • GRIND
    • HEAR
    • HELP
    • HIDE
    • HIT
    • HUG
    • JUMP
    • KILL
    • KNOW
    • LAUGH
    • LEAVE
    • LIKE
    • LIVE
    • LOAD
    • LOOK AT
    • MEET
    • NAME
    • PEEL
    • PLAY
    • POUR
    • PUSH
    • PUT
    • RAIN
    • ROLL
    • RUN
    • SAY
    • SCREAM
    • SEARCH FOR
    • SEE
    • SEND
    • SHAVE (a body part/person)
    • SHOUT AT
    • SHOW
    • SING
    • SINK
    • SIT
    • SIT DOWN
    • SMELL
    • STEAL
    • TAKE
    • TALK
    • TEACH
    • TEAR
    • TELL
    • THINK
    • THROW
    • TIE
    • TOUCH
    • WASH
    • WIPE
  • All Coding frames
  • Microroles
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    • Data set for Bezhta (zipped TSV files)
    • Data set for all languages (zipped TSV files)
    • Data set for all languages (zipped SQLite3 file)
  • Bezhta
  • Verb forms 
      Show all 83 Verb forms or choose by Verb meaning (80 core meanings shown):
    • ASK FOR harziyowal
    • BE A HUNTER no verbal counterpart
    • BEAT yäƛ'elal
    • BE DRY qoqal
    • BE HUNGRY nukal
    • BE SAD urɣelliƛ'a yaqal
    • BLINK häydä pacpaƛal
    • BOIL ɣayƛal
    • BREAK yišelal
    • BRING yaq'al
    • BUILD no verbal counterpart
    • BURN yek'al
    • CARRY yezal
    • CLIMB no verbal counterpart
    • COOK helal
    • COUGH öhƛäl
    • COVER yoq'olal
    • CUT yüč'al
    • DIE yuɣal
    • DIG yäxäl
    • DRESS łič'elal
    • EAT yüⁿqal
    • FEAR hic'al
    • FEEL COLD yäč’ɬal
    • FEEL PAIN k'ok'al
    • FILL yoc'lal
    • FOLLOW müɣäƛ yeⁿƛ'al
    • FRIGHTEN hič'egolal
    • GIVE niƛal
    • GO yeⁿƛ'al (1)
    • GRIND haʔal
    • HEAR tuqal
    • HELP komak bowal
    • HIDE yuⁿcal (1)
    • HIT yäƛ'elal
    • HUG aⁿło yoc'al
    • JUMP yogic'al
    • KILL yiƛ'al (1)
    • KNOW yiq'al
    • LAUGH łowal
    • LEAVE yeⁿƛ'al (2)
    • LIKE yat'al
    • LIVE ömrö bowal
    • LOAD yoⁿsal
    • LOOK AT goc'oqal
    • MEET keziyaqal
    • NAME caaⁿ gulal
    • PEEL no verbal counterpart
    • PLAY k'isal
    • POUR git'al
    • PUSH zistuqlal
    • PUT gulal
    • RAIN no verbal counterpart
    • ROLL k'äyƛäl
    • RUN č'an yaɣal, č'änaɣal
    • SAY nisal
    • SCREAM lalaƛal
    • SEARCH FOR xalbowal
    • SEE yegaal
    • SEND yeⁿyal
    • SHAVE (a body part/person) kusuʔal
    • SHOUT AT lalaƛal
    • SHOW yegalal
    • SING no verbal counterpart
    • SINK ɣanq'iziyaqal
    • SIT q'ey yecal
    • SIT DOWN q'ey yecal
    • SMELL mäh biq'al
    • STEAL yuⁿcal (2)
    • TAKE yokčal
    • TALK yiq'lašal
    • TEACH małciyowal
    • TEAR yäxelal
    • TELL xabar meyal
    • THINK urɣeziyaqal
    • THROW yiƛ'al (2)
    • TIE yiⁿcal
    • TOUCH yeⁿxelal
    • WASH nizal
    • WIPE yaⁿcolal
  • Coding frames
  • Coding sets
  • Alternations
  • Examples

Basic Coding frame

1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V
# Coding set Argument type
1 NP-erg A
2 NP-lat X
3 NP-abs & abs.V P
Derived Coding frames via
4-erg 1-instr 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'caus
Causative with -l/-ll
1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V'
Instrument Alternation
1-erg 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V'
Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 1
1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip
Antipassive 1 Alternation
1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot
Potential Alternation
1-erg 2-apud 3-abs abs[3].V'
Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 2

Verb forms with this basic Coding frame

Verb form Verb meaning Microrole 1 Microrole 2 Microrole 3
małciyowal TEACH teacher teachee taught content
niƛal GIVE giver giving recipient gift
yäƛ'elal BEAT beater beatee beating instrument
yäƛ'elal HIT hitter hittee hitting instrument
yaq'al BRING bringer bringing recipient brought thing
yegalal SHOW shower showing addressee shown thing
yeⁿxelal TOUCH toucher touchee touching instrument
yeⁿyal SEND sender sending recipient sent thing
yezal CARRY carrier carry beneficiary carried thing
yiƛ'al (2) THROW thrower throwing goal thrown thing
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Valency Patterns Leipzig online database is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley
and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.