Alternation ‘Causative with -l/-ll’ (Coded)

The causative suffix -l-/-ll- derives transitive verbs from intransitive or affective verbs, and ditransitive verbs from transitive verbs; in the latter, the causee appears in the Instrumental case. The suffix -k’- derives transitive verbs from intransitive inchoative verbs. Intransitive compound verbs formed with the auxiliary verb yaqal ‘to happen’ derive transitives by changing the auxiliary verb to yowal ‘to do’. Some intransitive verbs do not use derivational suffixes but use morphologically unrelated stems to express transitive meaning. A small group of intransitive verbs form transitives analytically with the verb golal (gulal, gilal) 'put'.

Verb Meaning Verb form Basic coding frame Derived coding frame Occurs Comment # Ex.