Concerning the frequency of a verb's alternation, we decided intuitively whether\nan alternation occurs 'marginally' or 'regularly'. Some alternations marked as\noccuring 'marginally' surely have to be rediscussed.
\nConcerning the Coding Frames we did not pay attention to adjuncts.
\nOften there can be created alternations of alternations. We did not mark them but in most cases we made a comment.\nWe did not establish a causative alternation.
", "latitude": 51.344339, "longitude": 12.348633}, "name": "German (Standard)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.348633, 51.344339]}, "id": "stan1295"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 336, "basic_codingframe_pk": 176, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "both actor and undergoer inflections are possible", "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243-be-ill-1", "name": "howa\u017ea", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 313, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 313, "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 13, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 13, "source": null}}], "label": "howa\u017ea", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 13, "glottocode": "hoch1243", "family_pk": 10, "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243", "name": "Hooc\u0105k (Wisconsin Hooc\u0105k)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 43.5, "longitude": -88.5}, "name": "Hooc\u0105k (Wisconsin Hooc\u0105k)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [271.5, 43.5]}, "id": "hoch1243"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 432, "basic_codingframe_pk": 224, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-be-ill-1", "name": "be sick", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 401, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 401, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}, {"pk": 433, "basic_codingframe_pk": 224, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-be-ill-2", "name": "feel sick", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 401, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 401, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}], "label": "be sick, feel sick", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 8, "glottocode": "stan1293", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293", "name": "English", "description": "#### General comment\n\nIn general the task presented by English is different in many ways from that\nfaced by most other contributors, mainly on account of the vast body of existing\nresearch on valency patterns on English but also on account of the unparalleled\nresources available for English, including very large corpora and the\nEnglish-language internet.\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nI have generally constructed what seem to me to be typical-sounding sentences.\nIn many cases I've checked on the internet or in Cobuld Wordbanks Online that\nthe examples are indeed \"ordinary\" in character, but I haven't restricted myself\nat this stage to using all and only corpus-documented examples.", "markup_description": "In general the task presented by English is different in many ways from that\nfaced by most other contributors, mainly on account of the vast body of existing\nresearch on valency patterns on English but also on account of the unparalleled\nresources available for English, including very large corpora and the\nEnglish-language internet.
\nI have generally constructed what seem to me to be typical-sounding sentences.\nIn many cases I've checked on the internet or in Cobuld Wordbanks Online that\nthe examples are indeed \"ordinary\" in character, but I haven't restricted myself\nat this stage to using all and only corpus-documented examples.
", "latitude": 53.0, "longitude": -1.0}, "name": "English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-1.0, 53.0]}, "id": "stan1293"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 613, "basic_codingframe_pk": 291, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "this is the negation of the ADJ s\u00ecggar `healthy'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "sril1245-be-ill-1", "name": "th\u00e0r\u00e0s\u00ecggar", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 571, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 571, "jsondata": {}, "id": "sril1245-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "th\u00e0r\u00e0s\u00ecggar", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwOTkwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 31, "glottocode": "sril1245", "family_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "sril1245", "name": "Sri Lanka Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.92, "longitude": 79.86}, "name": "Sri Lanka Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.86, 6.92]}, "id": "sril1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 800, "basic_codingframe_pk": 320, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-be-ill-1", "name": "sakit", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 735, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 735, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}], "label": "sakit", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwOTkwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 16, "glottocode": "indo1316", "family_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316", "name": "Jakarta Indonesian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.20924, "longitude": 106.833729}, "name": "Jakarta Indonesian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [106.833729, -6.20924]}, "id": "indo1316"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 998, "basic_codingframe_pk": 366, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "/n-k\u0101-kitza/; CPL-be-sick; Being based on the verb 'be' with incorporated adjective, this verb participates in the very productive alternation with the transitive -\u0294ne 'to do'.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "zenz1235-be-ill-1", "name": "n-k\u0101-kitza", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 910, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 910, "jsondata": {}, "id": "zenz1235-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 36, "source": null}}], "label": "n-k\u0101-kitza", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMiAzNiBMMzggMzYgTDIwIDUgTDIgMzYiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiM5OTAwOTk7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 36, "glottocode": "zenz1235", "family_pk": 23, "jsondata": {}, "id": "zenz1235", "name": "Zenzontepec Chatino", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 16.5334303, "longitude": -97.4953304}, "name": "Zenzontepec Chatino"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [262.5046696, 16.5334303]}, "id": "zenz1235"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1104, "basic_codingframe_pk": 397, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Experiencer-object construction: stimulus is ergative of enzine 'sickness', plus r\u00e4ms 'make'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238-be-ill-1", "name": "enzinew\u00e4m r\u00e4ms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 998, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 998, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 26, "source": null}}], "label": "enzinew\u00e4m r\u00e4ms", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMEZGMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 26, "glottocode": "nenn1238", "family_pk": 17, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238", "name": "Nen", "description": "#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nCase (ergative/absolutive), around 12 case suffixes. ERG/ABS neutralisation in\nsingular case forms of pronouns only.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nVerb indexes up to two arguments, undergoer by prefix and actor by suffix. Only\naround 25 verbs are morphologically intransitive: all but 4 of them belonging to\na special 'positional' class, the rest being 'be', 'come' (lit. hither-be), 'go'\n(lit. 'thither-be') and 'walk'. Other syntactically monovalent verbs use\na morphologically middle construction with a person/number-invariant prefix plus\na person/number sensitive suffix. The 'undergoer' verb prefixes are used for\nboth direct and indirect objects, though these are flagged by different cases\n(absolutive and dative) on the corresponding free NPs.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nWord order is predominantly SOV (i.e. APV), though with some flexibility allowed\nby discourse factors. However, in the very productive 'experiencer object'\nconstruction used for most physical sensations like pain or disease, however,\nthe order is PAV, i.e. the experiencer of the pain is generally placed first\ndespite the fact that on other grounds it is the undergoer: it takes absolutive\ncase and is cross-reference by the undergoer prefix.", "markup_description": "Case (ergative/absolutive), around 12 case suffixes. ERG/ABS neutralisation in\nsingular case forms of pronouns only.
\nVerb indexes up to two arguments, undergoer by prefix and actor by suffix. Only\naround 25 verbs are morphologically intransitive: all but 4 of them belonging to\na special 'positional' class, the rest being 'be', 'come' (lit. hither-be), 'go'\n(lit. 'thither-be') and 'walk'. Other syntactically monovalent verbs use\na morphologically middle construction with a person/number-invariant prefix plus\na person/number sensitive suffix. The 'undergoer' verb prefixes are used for\nboth direct and indirect objects, though these are flagged by different cases\n(absolutive and dative) on the corresponding free NPs.
\nWord order is predominantly SOV (i.e. APV), though with some flexibility allowed\nby discourse factors. However, in the very productive 'experiencer object'\nconstruction used for most physical sensations like pain or disease, however,\nthe order is PAV, i.e. the experiencer of the pain is generally placed first\ndespite the fact that on other grounds it is the undergoer: it takes absolutive\ncase and is cross-reference by the undergoer prefix.
", "latitude": -8.581021, "longitude": 142.119141}, "name": "Nen"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [142.119141, -8.581021]}, "id": "nenn1238"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1204, "basic_codingframe_pk": 412, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": "means 'be sick', 'be ill', or 'be sore'; an alternative way to express 'to have pain' is with the verb 'bite', e.g. 'my arm bites'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241-be-ill-1", "name": "\u0298\u02bcui\u02bci", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1084, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1084, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 27, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0298\u02bcui\u02bci", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMEZGRkY7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 27, "glottocode": "nuuu1241", "family_pk": 18, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241", "name": "N\u01c0\u01c0ng", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.434883, "longitude": 21.31897}, "name": "N\u01c0\u01c0ng"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [21.31897, -28.434883]}, "id": "nuuu1241"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1296, "basic_codingframe_pk": 434, "original_script": "\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f", "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "no verbal counterpart; BE SICK is expressed by an adjective phrase (mar\u012bd\u0323un) marked by the nominative case as a predicate in a verbless sentence (if the time reference is present and the proposition of the sentence is positive). The adjective phrase agrees with the subject noun phrase in number and gender. If the time reference of the sentence is future or past, a copula (k\u0101na) is needed, that flags the subject of the sentence. If the proposition is negative, a negative copula (laysa) is used (in present tense) that flags the subject of the sentence. With a copula the predicate adjective phrase is marked by accusative. verb with a similar meaning: marad\u0323a (stem I) 'to become ill'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318-be-ill-1", "name": "mar\u012bd\u0323un", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1170, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1170, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 25, "source": null}}], "label": "mar\u012bd\u0323un", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRkZGRkY7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 25, "glottocode": "stan1318", "family_pk": 16, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318", "name": "Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)", "description": "#### General comment\n\n * Language family: Afro Asiatic > Semitic > Centralsemitic > Arabic\n * National language in 26 states\n * In all Arabic speaking communities there is a Diglossical situation with three varieties of Arabic:\n 1. Arabic Vernaculars - varieties of Arabic dialects, learned as a native language\n 2. Classical Arabic (CA) - the language of the Quran used in liturgical acts\n 3. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) - used as lingua franca in interdialectical comunication, in media, education, street-signs, etc.; acquired as L2 through education\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\n * MSA is an accusative language and has a three-case system:MSA is a VSO language with no fixed word order.
\nAround 90 % of the data is elicited and consulted with two native speakers of\nhasaniya (dialect of Arabic in Mauretania) both fluently speaking MSA.
\nAdditional data is gained from naturalistic written texts of modern Arabic\nliteratur, source: http://arabicorpus.byu.edu/
", "latitude": 27.96, "longitude": 43.85}, "name": "Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [43.85, 27.96]}, "id": "stan1318"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1388, "basic_codingframe_pk": 445, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "to be ill; The pain-feeling/sick person can be expressed as an adnominal genitive modifier to the sick/aching body part.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248-be-ill-1", "name": "k'ok'al", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1258, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1258, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 3, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 3, "source": null}}], "label": "k'ok'al", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6Izk5MDA5OTtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 3, "glottocode": "bezh1248", "family_pk": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248", "name": "Bezhta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.12, "longitude": 46.03}, "name": "Bezhta"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [46.03, 42.12]}, "id": "bezh1248"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1479, "basic_codingframe_pk": 556, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "In the impersonal reflexive pattern the predicate (i.e., the adjective) is in the plural, reflecting the general rule whereby in the impersonal construction the nominal part of the predicate (adjective/noun/past participle of unaccusatives) is in the plural (Salvi 1988, Cennamo 2011b)", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282-be-ill-1", "name": "essere malato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1346, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1346, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 15, "source": null}}], "label": "essere malato", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 15, "glottocode": "ital1282", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282", "name": "Italian (Standard Italian)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nItalian is a nominative-accusative language, with some domains where the\nencoding of arguments follows an active and marginally an ergative patterning.\nThe syntactic function of arguments is signalled by agreement and word order for\nthe nuclear arguments of the clause, A and P. Recipients and other non-core and\nperipheral arguments (i.e., adjuncts) are expressed by means of prepositions.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nThere are no cases, apart from a residual accusative and dative form for clitic\npronouns, used, respectively, for core and non-core arguments (e.g., recipients,\nlocative adjuncts etc.). Most typically peripheral arguments, i.e., adjuncts,\nare coded through prepositional phrases.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nAgreement is always with the A/S argument in simple tenses. In compound tenses\nthere occurs split agreement when P is realized by a pronoun: the finite verb\nalways agrees with A, whilst the past participle agrees with the pronominal\nP (ergative orientation). S always agrees with the finite verb in simple tenses.\nIn compound tenses the past participle agrees with S if the verb is\nunaccusative, whilst it reverts to the unmarked masculine singular if the verb\nis unergative.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nSyntactically, Italian is an SVO language, characterized by pragmatic rigidity\nand relative syntactic freedom, with tension between the basic SV(O) order and\na pragmatic principle, whereby focal P arguments occur after the verb (Bentley\n2006: 363, 368-370, 2008 and references therein).\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nDictionaries, scientific literature, naturalistic written examples, constructed\nby native speaker linguists, the Online Corpus of Written Italian ItWac (Baroni\n& Kilgariff 2006).", "markup_description": "Italian is a nominative-accusative language, with some domains where the\nencoding of arguments follows an active and marginally an ergative patterning.\nThe syntactic function of arguments is signalled by agreement and word order for\nthe nuclear arguments of the clause, A and P. Recipients and other non-core and\nperipheral arguments (i.e., adjuncts) are expressed by means of prepositions.
\nThere are no cases, apart from a residual accusative and dative form for clitic\npronouns, used, respectively, for core and non-core arguments (e.g., recipients,\nlocative adjuncts etc.). Most typically peripheral arguments, i.e., adjuncts,\nare coded through prepositional phrases.
\nAgreement is always with the A/S argument in simple tenses. In compound tenses\nthere occurs split agreement when P is realized by a pronoun: the finite verb\nalways agrees with A, whilst the past participle agrees with the pronominal\nP (ergative orientation). S always agrees with the finite verb in simple tenses.\nIn compound tenses the past participle agrees with S if the verb is\nunaccusative, whilst it reverts to the unmarked masculine singular if the verb\nis unergative.
\nSyntactically, Italian is an SVO language, characterized by pragmatic rigidity\nand relative syntactic freedom, with tension between the basic SV(O) order and\na pragmatic principle, whereby focal P arguments occur after the verb (Bentley\n2006: 363, 368-370, 2008 and references therein).
\nDictionaries, scientific literature, naturalistic written examples, constructed\nby native speaker linguists, the Online Corpus of Written Italian ItWac (Baroni\n& Kilgariff 2006).
", "latitude": 43.0, "longitude": 12.0}, "name": "Italian (Standard Italian)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.0, 43.0]}, "id": "ital1282"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1584, "basic_codingframe_pk": 669, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "mai- [NEG] + hid- 'be able'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245-be-ill-1", "name": "maihid", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1434, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1434, "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 5, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 5, "source": null}}], "label": "maihid", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 5, "glottocode": "chhi1245", "family_pk": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245", "name": "Chintang", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 26.947628, "longitude": 87.211189}, "name": "Chintang"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [87.211189, 26.947628]}, "id": "chhi1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1679, "basic_codingframe_pk": 681, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "The verb root means 'get/become ill'; it normally appears in the resultative aspect to mean 'be ill'.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245-be-ill-1", "name": "kutran\u00fcn", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1523, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1523, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 23, "source": null}}], "label": "kutran\u00fcn", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRkZGMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "South America", "pk": 23, "glottocode": "mapu1245", "family_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245", "name": "Mapudungun", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -38.0, "longitude": -72.0}, "name": "Mapudungun"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [288.0, -38.0]}, "id": "mapu1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1785, "basic_codingframe_pk": 688, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "Means \"feel pain in (body part)\" when the subject is a body part or \"be sick\" when the subject is an animate being. It also means \"sickness\". Depending on the context and the TAM, paii may also mean \"to die\" when the subject is an animate.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244-be-ill-1", "name": "paii", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1609, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1609, "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 32, "source": null}}], "label": "paii", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwOTkwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 32, "glottocode": "xara1244", "family_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244", "name": "X\u00e2r\u00e2c\u00f9\u00f9", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -21.6666666667, "longitude": 166.0}, "name": "X\u00e2r\u00e2c\u00f9\u00f9"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [166.0, -21.6666666667]}, "id": "xara1244"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1879, "basic_codingframe_pk": 704, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": "reduplicated form of kwet-em, which is composed of the bound root k\u02b7\u0259t with the MDL suffix. The root without the MDL suffix is not grammatical", "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259-be-ill-1", "name": "k\u02b7\u0259-k\u02b7t-\u0259m", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1696, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1696, "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": null}}], "label": "k\u02b7\u0259-k\u02b7t-\u0259m", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRjY2MDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 30, "glottocode": "como1259", "family_pk": 20, "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259", "name": "Sliammon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 49.906, "longitude": -124.6179}, "name": "Sliammon"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [235.38209999999998, 49.906]}, "id": "como1259"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1980, "basic_codingframe_pk": 717, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "'it pains'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241-be-ill-1", "name": "to", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1781, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1781, "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 7, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 7, "source": null}}], "label": "to", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 7, "glottocode": "emai1241", "family_pk": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241", "name": "Emai", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.08333333333, "longitude": 5.91666666667}, "name": "Emai"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.91666666667, 7.08333333333]}, "id": "emai1241"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2186, "basic_codingframe_pk": 759, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "Mandinka has three verbs expressing 'be/fall ill'. The three of them are plain intransitive verbs from which a transitive verb can be derived via Causative Derivation 1.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-be-ill-1", "name": "ja\u014bk\u00e1ri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1957, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1957, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 22, "source": null}}], "label": "ja\u014bk\u00e1ri", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNERDAwMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 22, "glottocode": "mand1436", "family_pk": 14, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436", "name": "Mandinka", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.4166666667, "longitude": -16.0}, "name": "Mandinka"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.0, 13.4166666667]}, "id": "mand1436"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2306, "basic_codingframe_pk": 783, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Complex Verb. Lit. 'be sick + BE'. Body part can be added as additional absolutive noun phrase, as in ex. 162. A marginal, non-productive type of inchoative alternation is (marginally) attested: warlad gardbany, lit. 'be sick + FALL' = 'fall ill'.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-be-ill-1", "name": "warlad gagba", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2063, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2063, "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": null}}], "label": "warlad gagba", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMDAwREQ7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Australia", "pk": 17, "glottocode": "djam1255", "family_pk": 11, "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255", "name": "Jaminjung (Both Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru varieties)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nJaminjung belongs to the small Jaminjungan (or Western Mirndi) subgroup of the\ngeographically discontinuous Mirndi family, one of the non-Pama-Nyungan families\nof northern Australia. The name Jaminjung is used here for two named varieties,\nJaminjung and Ngaliwurru, which are mutually intelligible and exhibit mainly\nlexical differences. The traditional country of Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru\nspeakers is located north and south of the Victoria River around the present-day\ntownship of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. Jaminjung is severely\nendangered in that it is no longer acquired by children; only a few dozen\nelderly speakers are alive today.\n\nA pervasive feature of Jaminjung lexicon and grammar, which proves to be highly\nrelevant for the discussion of verb classes and alternations, is a division of\nthe \u201cverbal\u201d lexicon into two distinct parts of speech. This is an areal\nphenomenon found in a number of unrelated languages in Northern Australia.\n\nInflecting verbs (IVs), i.e. those taking obligatory pronominal prefixes and\ntense and mood marking, form a closed class with only about 35 members (with\nsome variation depending on the dialect affiliation and also the age of\nindividual speakers).\n\nUninflecting verbs (UVs; also known as \"coverbs\" or \"preverbs\" in the\nliterature) can be distinguished from IVs by the fact that they cannot take\nverbal inflections. They are also distinguishable from nominals in that they do\nnot co-occur with determiners such as demonstratives. UVs form an open class\nwhich can be expanded by loan words.\n\nPredicates in Jaminjung thus can be simple (an IV on its own) or complex (a\ncombination of an IV and one or two UVs). In addition, translation equivalents\nof verbs can be collocations involving nominals, e.g. expressions with a body\npart for feelings/pain, or expressions like gugu gardbany 'rain falls' = 'to\nrain'.\n\nMost valency alternations in Jaminjung are only relevant for complex predicates.\nA valency change in this type of alternation is achieved by combining the same\nUV with different IVs resulting e.g. in inchoative vs. causative complex\npredicates. In this database, they are therefore marked as \"UV\" preceding the\nalternation name, and are considered coded alternations even though they are not\ncoded by a dedicated valency-changing morphological marker. Note also that the\nsubstitution of different IVs with the same UV can also result in other semantic\ndifferences, e.g. in lexical aspect, deictic direction of motion, instrument\nused for contact, or other more subtle differences. In this database only\nvalency-changing alternations are considered.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nJaminjung has a rich system of cases which formally are clitics occurring once\nor more than once in a phrase. Case marking of core arguments follows an\nergative-absolutive pattern, with optional ergativity. As a general rule, the\ncase frame used with a particular predicate, whether simple or complex, follows\nfrom the morphological transitivity of the inflecting verb (IV). That is,\na single absolutive argument occurs with intransitive IVs, and an\nergative-absolutive case frame (or double absolutive if ergative marking is\nomitted) is used with transitive IVs. Since the absolutive is unmarked, it is\nnot glossed in examples. The ergative has the form -ni ~ -di.\n\nErgative marking of A arguments is optional in Jaminjung; the presence vs.\nabsence of ergative marking depends on a variety of factors including the\nsemantics of the predicate, animacy and degree of agentivity of A, and lexical\nand grammatical aspect. Therefore, presence vs. absence of ergative marking was\nnot considered an alternation for the purposes of this database.\n\nRegular double absolutive marking used for both A and P of some bivalent atelic\npredicates (with intransitive IV), i.e. the ergative is not possible on As in\nthis case.\n\nDouble absolutive marking is also used for both NP objects of a semantically\ntrivalent predicate.\n\nDative case ( -gu ~ -wu) marks addressees or beneficiaries and also has\na purposive function; in addition a specialised purposive case (-ngurlung) is\nused by some speakers, and the possessive case -gina (usually appearing in\nadnominal function) can have a purposive use as well.\n\nSpatial cases are locative (-gi ~ -g ~ -ni), allative (-bina) and ablative\n(-ngunyi / -giyag). Specialised forms of these cases are found on inherently\nlocative expressions. An additional origin case (-nyunga) indicates spatial\norigin (as in 'the man from England') but also has a causal function.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nFrom the point of view of indexing morphology, inflecting verbs (IVs) fall into\ntwo non-overlapping classes. Morphologically transitive verbs in their\nnon-reflexive/reciprocal form occur with a set of pronominal prefixes which\nalways index the most agentive argument (A) and in addition the patient-like (P)\nargument. With ditransitive predicates, R rather than P is usually indexed\nexcept for a marginal alternation which is possible only in the case that P is\nanimate.\n\nThe order of prefixes is usually A followed by P, although in some cases\na portmanteau prefix is used. The 3rd person singular object (P) is not overtly\nexpressed except with a 3rd person singular subject.\n\nIn one variety, nonsingular first person P prefixes have been neutralised, i.e.\nonly the first person singular prefix is used, and an enclitic pronominal\n(identical to the dative form) is used to disambiguate for number and the\ninclusive/exclusive distinction.\n\nMorphologically intransitive verbs indicate their single argument (S) by\na pronominal prefix which in most cells of the paradigm (except 2nd person\nsingular) is identical to the A prefix. Thus, indexing more or less follows\na nominative-accusative pattern.\n\nA final indexing phenomenon is the cross-referencing of dative, locative and\nallative arguments or adjuncts by an enclitic oblique (dative) pronoun. This\n\u201cclitic doubling\u201d is restricted to animate referents.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nWord order is purely pragmatically conditioned and not employed to indicate\ngrammatical roles. Noun phrases can be freely omitted if understood from context\n(zero anaphora).\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nData in this database are from both elicited and naturalistic speech recorded\nduring multiple field trips undertaken by the author between 1993 and 2008.\nOccasional examples also come from field notes and texts recorded by Mark\nHarvey, Janet Bolt, and Michael Walsh, and Dorothea Hoffmann. Examples from\naudio- or video-recorded sessions are accompanied by the file name of the audio\nfile as archived (with annotations) in the Jaminjung DoBeS archive\n(www.mpi.nl/dobes) (rather than a page nr). Examples marked as \"field notes\" are\noverheard examples. Examples with no file name information come from transcripts\nwhich are not yet linked to archived audio files.\n\nComments on conventions:\n\nIn literal glosses of complex verbs in the \"comments\" field, the gloss of the\ninflecting verb (IV) is in capitals.\n\nSince there is no infinitive form of the inflecting verb in Jaminjung and roots\nare not produced in isolation by speakers, the 3rd singular subject (+ 3rd sg\nobject for tr.verbs) past perfective form of inflecting verbs is provided\nthroughout, as this is one of the most frequent forms.\n\nBorrowings (in verb meanings) and code switches (in examples) from Kriol, the\nEnglish-lexified Creole language spoken by most Jaminjung speakers, are marked\nby angular brackets (<...>).", "markup_description": "Jaminjung belongs to the small Jaminjungan (or Western Mirndi) subgroup of the\ngeographically discontinuous Mirndi family, one of the non-Pama-Nyungan families\nof northern Australia. The name Jaminjung is used here for two named varieties,\nJaminjung and Ngaliwurru, which are mutually intelligible and exhibit mainly\nlexical differences. The traditional country of Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru\nspeakers is located north and south of the Victoria River around the present-day\ntownship of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. Jaminjung is severely\nendangered in that it is no longer acquired by children; only a few dozen\nelderly speakers are alive today.
\nA pervasive feature of Jaminjung lexicon and grammar, which proves to be highly\nrelevant for the discussion of verb classes and alternations, is a division of\nthe \u201cverbal\u201d lexicon into two distinct parts of speech. This is an areal\nphenomenon found in a number of unrelated languages in Northern Australia.
\nInflecting verbs (IVs), i.e. those taking obligatory pronominal prefixes and\ntense and mood marking, form a closed class with only about 35 members (with\nsome variation depending on the dialect affiliation and also the age of\nindividual speakers).
\nUninflecting verbs (UVs; also known as \"coverbs\" or \"preverbs\" in the\nliterature) can be distinguished from IVs by the fact that they cannot take\nverbal inflections. They are also distinguishable from nominals in that they do\nnot co-occur with determiners such as demonstratives. UVs form an open class\nwhich can be expanded by loan words.
\nPredicates in Jaminjung thus can be simple (an IV on its own) or complex (a\ncombination of an IV and one or two UVs). In addition, translation equivalents\nof verbs can be collocations involving nominals, e.g. expressions with a body\npart for feelings/pain, or expressions like gugu gardbany 'rain falls' = 'to\nrain'.
\nMost valency alternations in Jaminjung are only relevant for complex predicates.\nA valency change in this type of alternation is achieved by combining the same\nUV with different IVs resulting e.g. in inchoative vs. causative complex\npredicates. In this database, they are therefore marked as \"UV\" preceding the\nalternation name, and are considered coded alternations even though they are not\ncoded by a dedicated valency-changing morphological marker. Note also that the\nsubstitution of different IVs with the same UV can also result in other semantic\ndifferences, e.g. in lexical aspect, deictic direction of motion, instrument\nused for contact, or other more subtle differences. In this database only\nvalency-changing alternations are considered.
\nJaminjung has a rich system of cases which formally are clitics occurring once\nor more than once in a phrase. Case marking of core arguments follows an\nergative-absolutive pattern, with optional ergativity. As a general rule, the\ncase frame used with a particular predicate, whether simple or complex, follows\nfrom the morphological transitivity of the inflecting verb (IV). That is,\na single absolutive argument occurs with intransitive IVs, and an\nergative-absolutive case frame (or double absolutive if ergative marking is\nomitted) is used with transitive IVs. Since the absolutive is unmarked, it is\nnot glossed in examples. The ergative has the form -ni ~ -di.
\nErgative marking of A arguments is optional in Jaminjung; the presence vs.\nabsence of ergative marking depends on a variety of factors including the\nsemantics of the predicate, animacy and degree of agentivity of A, and lexical\nand grammatical aspect. Therefore, presence vs. absence of ergative marking was\nnot considered an alternation for the purposes of this database.
\nRegular double absolutive marking used for both A and P of some bivalent atelic\npredicates (with intransitive IV), i.e. the ergative is not possible on As in\nthis case.
\nDouble absolutive marking is also used for both NP objects of a semantically\ntrivalent predicate.
\nDative case ( -gu ~ -wu) marks addressees or beneficiaries and also has\na purposive function; in addition a specialised purposive case (-ngurlung) is\nused by some speakers, and the possessive case -gina (usually appearing in\nadnominal function) can have a purposive use as well.
\nSpatial cases are locative (-gi ~ -g ~ -ni), allative (-bina) and ablative\n(-ngunyi / -giyag). Specialised forms of these cases are found on inherently\nlocative expressions. An additional origin case (-nyunga) indicates spatial\norigin (as in 'the man from England') but also has a causal function.
\nFrom the point of view of indexing morphology, inflecting verbs (IVs) fall into\ntwo non-overlapping classes. Morphologically transitive verbs in their\nnon-reflexive/reciprocal form occur with a set of pronominal prefixes which\nalways index the most agentive argument (A) and in addition the patient-like (P)\nargument. With ditransitive predicates, R rather than P is usually indexed\nexcept for a marginal alternation which is possible only in the case that P is\nanimate.
\nThe order of prefixes is usually A followed by P, although in some cases\na portmanteau prefix is used. The 3rd person singular object (P) is not overtly\nexpressed except with a 3rd person singular subject.
\nIn one variety, nonsingular first person P prefixes have been neutralised, i.e.\nonly the first person singular prefix is used, and an enclitic pronominal\n(identical to the dative form) is used to disambiguate for number and the\ninclusive/exclusive distinction.
\nMorphologically intransitive verbs indicate their single argument (S) by\na pronominal prefix which in most cells of the paradigm (except 2nd person\nsingular) is identical to the A prefix. Thus, indexing more or less follows\na nominative-accusative pattern.
\nA final indexing phenomenon is the cross-referencing of dative, locative and\nallative arguments or adjuncts by an enclitic oblique (dative) pronoun. This\n\u201cclitic doubling\u201d is restricted to animate referents.
\nWord order is purely pragmatically conditioned and not employed to indicate\ngrammatical roles. Noun phrases can be freely omitted if understood from context\n(zero anaphora).
\nData in this database are from both elicited and naturalistic speech recorded\nduring multiple field trips undertaken by the author between 1993 and 2008.\nOccasional examples also come from field notes and texts recorded by Mark\nHarvey, Janet Bolt, and Michael Walsh, and Dorothea Hoffmann. Examples from\naudio- or video-recorded sessions are accompanied by the file name of the audio\nfile as archived (with annotations) in the Jaminjung DoBeS archive\n(www.mpi.nl/dobes) (rather than a page nr). Examples marked as \"field notes\" are\noverheard examples. Examples with no file name information come from transcripts\nwhich are not yet linked to archived audio files.
\nComments on conventions:
\nIn literal glosses of complex verbs in the \"comments\" field, the gloss of the\ninflecting verb (IV) is in capitals.
\nSince there is no infinitive form of the inflecting verb in Jaminjung and roots\nare not produced in isolation by speakers, the 3rd singular subject (+ 3rd sg\nobject for tr.verbs) past perfective form of inflecting verbs is provided\nthroughout, as this is one of the most frequent forms.
\nBorrowings (in verb meanings) and code switches (in examples) from Kriol, the\nEnglish-lexified Creole language spoken by most Jaminjung speakers, are marked\nby angular brackets (<...>).
", "latitude": -15.0833333333, "longitude": 130.5}, "name": "Jaminjung (Both Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru varieties)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.5, -15.0833333333]}, "id": "djam1255"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2590, "basic_codingframe_pk": 854, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yuca1254-be-ill-1", "name": "k'oha'n", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2316, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2316, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yuca1254-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 35, "source": null}}], "label": "k'oha'n", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMiAzNiBMMzggMzYgTDIwIDUgTDIgMzYiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMDk5MDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 35, "glottocode": "yuca1254", "family_pk": 22, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yuca1254", "name": "Yucatec Maya (dialect of Quintana Roo, zona maya)", "description": "#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nSubject indexing is the same for all intransitive verbs. It varies as\nconditioned by verb status (a conjugation category).", "markup_description": "Subject indexing is the same for all intransitive verbs. It varies as\nconditioned by verb status (a conjugation category).
", "latitude": 19.33, "longitude": -88.47}, "name": "Yucatec Maya (dialect of Quintana Roo, zona maya)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [271.53, 19.33]}, "id": "yuca1254"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2717, "basic_codingframe_pk": 915, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "icel1247-be-ill-1", "name": "vera veikur", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2423, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2423, "jsondata": {}, "id": "icel1247-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 14, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 14, "source": null}}], "label": "vera veikur", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 14, "glottocode": "icel1247", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "icel1247", "name": "Icelandic", "description": "#### General comment\n\nIcelandic is one of the most archaic modern Germanic languages. It has\nmaintained most of the morphological distinctions from Old Icelandic, most of\nthe paradigmatic distinctions and a huge proportion of the vocabulary. Some\nphonological changes have occurred, and some word order and constructional\npatterns have fallen into disuse. Icelanders of today can read Old Icelandic\nwithout problems.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nIcelandic has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. These are\nmarked on nouns, pronouns, all adjectival elements and the definite article. The\ndefinite artice is cliticized on nouns, after inflectional morphemes, which in\nturn means that definite nouns in Icelandic have double case marking. Example:\n\"mann\" acc.sg., \"manni\" dat.sg, vs. \"manninn\" acc.sg.def and \"manninum\"\ndat.sg.def.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nThere is nominative agreement in Icelandic which means that if the subject is in\nthe nominative case, the verb agrees with the subject, if the object is in the\nnominative case, the verb agrees with the object. In essence this means that\nIcelandic does not have subject-verb agreement but nominative-verb agreement.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nIcelandic is a V2 language with a relatively fixed SVO word order in both main\nand subordinate clauses. It does not allow scrambling like German and\ntopicalizations are very rare in the spoken language. It has subject\u2013verb\ninversion, it has V1 structures, like the socalled \"Narrative Inversion\", it has\nobject shift, i.e. the rerversal of the order between an object and a sentence\nadverb, and it has \"stylistic fronting\", i.e. the preposing of a particle or an\nadverb in subjectless subordinate clauses (cf. \u00der\u00e1insson 2007).\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nJ\u00f3hanna Bar\u00f0dal is a native speaker linguist.", "markup_description": "Icelandic is one of the most archaic modern Germanic languages. It has\nmaintained most of the morphological distinctions from Old Icelandic, most of\nthe paradigmatic distinctions and a huge proportion of the vocabulary. Some\nphonological changes have occurred, and some word order and constructional\npatterns have fallen into disuse. Icelanders of today can read Old Icelandic\nwithout problems.
\nIcelandic has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. These are\nmarked on nouns, pronouns, all adjectival elements and the definite article. The\ndefinite artice is cliticized on nouns, after inflectional morphemes, which in\nturn means that definite nouns in Icelandic have double case marking. Example:\n\"mann\" acc.sg., \"manni\" dat.sg, vs. \"manninn\" acc.sg.def and \"manninum\"\ndat.sg.def.
\nThere is nominative agreement in Icelandic which means that if the subject is in\nthe nominative case, the verb agrees with the subject, if the object is in the\nnominative case, the verb agrees with the object. In essence this means that\nIcelandic does not have subject-verb agreement but nominative-verb agreement.
\nIcelandic is a V2 language with a relatively fixed SVO word order in both main\nand subordinate clauses. It does not allow scrambling like German and\ntopicalizations are very rare in the spoken language. It has subject\u2013verb\ninversion, it has V1 structures, like the socalled \"Narrative Inversion\", it has\nobject shift, i.e. the rerversal of the order between an object and a sentence\nadverb, and it has \"stylistic fronting\", i.e. the preposing of a particle or an\nadverb in subjectless subordinate clauses (cf. \u00der\u00e1insson 2007).
\nJ\u00f3hanna Bar\u00f0dal is a native speaker linguist.
", "latitude": 65.0, "longitude": -17.0}, "name": "Icelandic"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-17.0, 65.0]}, "id": "icel1247"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2955, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1068, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "Diachronically, it may probably be traced to si-yey-eA genetic isolate, Ainu shows considerable dialectal variation: Hokkaido\n(Northeastern and Southwestern), Sakhalin, and Kurile groups. Ainu is\nagglutinating, polysynthetic and incorporating, with SV/AOV constituent order.\nIt is predominantly head-marking. Personal pronouns in the subject (A/S) and\nobject (O) position are often omitted: Ainu is a so-called pro-drop language but\nverbal cross-referencing markers are obligatory.
\nSome verbs employ different stems for singular and plural. In the case of\nintransitive verbs, plurality refers to the number of S referents, while in the\ncase of transitive verbs plurality refers to the number of O or patientive\nA referents.
\nArguments do not inflect for case in Ainu: A and O are distinguished by their\nrelative position in clause structure and by verbal cross-referencing markers.
\nObliques are marked by postpositions: locative ta , allative un (for inanimatre\nGoal) and dative e-un <head-ALL> (for animate Goal), ablative wa , instrumental\nani, comitative tura/turano, traversal peka (\u2018over\u2019), mutative ne (\u2018as\u2019; <ne\nCOP). Most case postpositions not only clearly originate in verbs but are still\nin a very early stage of the grammaticalization as they can often occur without\nrespective nouns, as in (a).
\na. itanki huraye hine (itanki) ani i=ko-i-puni
\nbowl wash and bowl INST INDF.O=to.APPL-APASS-raise
\n\u2018She washed a bowl and with (that bowl) he served me food.\u2019 Ani (INST) ( < ani 'hold sth') may also be interpreted as lit. \u2018holding (that bowl)' - zero-anaphora. However, if ani were still a verb here we would need a coordinating conjunction after ani, so it really has an intermediate status between a verb and postposition.
The system of grammatical relations in Ainu shows mixed alignment. There is\na tripartite alignment (distinct marking for S, A, and O) in 1PL pronominal\nverbal marking, viz. the prefix ci= marks A, the suffix =as S, and un= O for the\nfirst person exclusive, and a= A, =an S, and i= O for indefinite person.\nIndefinite is not only used to refer to the indefinite speaker or addressee, but\nalso as the first person plural inclusive, second person singular/plural\nhonorific, and logophoric (person of the protagonist). The latter is common in\nfolktales because they have the structure of reported discourse with the whole\nstory being a quote; for convenience the logophoric is translated as \u2018I\u2019 but is\nglossed as IND. There are elements of a neutral system in the second and third\nperson pronominal verbal marking, viz. A, S, and O are marked by e= in 2SG and\nby eci= in 2PL, and the third person is always zero-marked; independent personal\npronouns are the same for A, S, and O in all persons. There is also one feature\nof a nominative/accusative system: A=S, and O are distinct in the 1SG pronominal\nverbal marking, viz. 1SG ku= marks A, S, and en= O
\nIn pronominal verbal marking of transitive verbs, A affixes are, in most cases,\nplaced before O markers. However, when it comes to the interaction of first and\nsecond person participants, person marking on verbs is not always analyzable as\nARGa-ARGo-VERB, and it is, indeed, subject to considerable dialectal variation.
\nThe A set of prefixes is also employed in the inalienable possessive\nconstruction, where they are attached to the head noun (possessee) to mark the\nperson and number of the possessor. The head noun is additionally marked with\nthe allomorphic possessive suffixes -V or -(V)hV which copy a root-final vowel\nonce or twice with the epenthetic /h/ being inserted, viz. -ha/-hu/-ho/-he/-hi\nfor vowel-final roots, as in ku=sapa-ha (1SG.A=head-POSS) \u2018my head\u2019, and\n-a(ha)/-u(hu)/-o(ho)/-e(he)/-i(hi) for consonant-final roots, as in ci=setur-u\nor ci=setur-uhu (1PL.(EXC).A=back-POSS) \u2018our backs\u2019 . Relational nouns as heads\ndiffer from common nouns in that they employ the O set of prefixes to mark the\nperson and number of the possessor, viz. en=sam (1SG.O=near) \u2018near me\u2019.\nPossessive suffixes are attached to relational nouns only if the possessor is\n3SG/PL (zero-marked), viz. \u00d8=sam-a (3.O=near-POSS) \u2018near him/her/it\u2019.
\nAlienable possession is encoded by the relative clause-based periphrastic\nconstruction with the verb kor \u2018have sth/sb\u2019 as the predicate and the possessor\nas the subject; the head noun (possessee) is left unmarked: ku=\u00d8=kor kamuy\n[1SG.\u0410=3.O=have god] \u2018my god\u2019 (lit. \u2018the god (that) I have\u2019).
\nSV/AOV constituent order.
\nIn double object construction, generally A-R-T-V, but there are also other ordering options, they are pragmatically motivated.
Attributives are prepositive.
\nSubordinate clauses always precede main clauses.
\nIs based on previous documentation of Ainu which had been undertaken by the\ncontributor or other researchers of Ainu. Data from existing Ainu dictionaries\nand published texts have been used extensively, as well as those that are in the\nprocess of preparation for a publication (see forthcoming). For most examples,\nthere exist respective audio materials.
\nThe contributor, Anna Bugaeva, has been working on Ainu since 1997 after her\ngraduation from Department of Japanese (St. Petersburg University) in 1996. She\nwas supervised by an Ainu specialist Tomomi Satoo in her PhD (obtained in 2004\nfrom Hokkaido University) and by an Ainu specialist Hiroshi Nakagawa in her two\npost-docs (Chiba University). Currently, she works as an assistant professor at\nWaseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University.
", "latitude": 43.0, "longitude": 143.0}, "name": "Ainu (Southern Hokkaido)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [143.0, 43.0]}, "id": "ainu1240"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3151, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1124, "original_script": "\u751f\u75c5", "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "sh\u0113ngb\u00ecng literally means 'beget-illness', which is most probably a causative construction as a relic of archiac Chinese, meaning 'to cause illness to turn out'. But in modern Chinese, it is used just as a somewhat lexicalized intransitive verbal phrase. When necessary, one can split up the phrase and insert aspectual markers like le or guo and modifers can be used to modify b\u00ecng ('illness') as in y\u012b-ch\u01ceng-d\u00e0-b\u00ecng (lit. 'one-CL serious-illness'), meaning 'a serious disease'.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415-be-ill-1", "name": "sh\u0113ngb\u00ecng", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2782, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2782, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 21, "source": null}}], "label": "sh\u0113ngb\u00ecng", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 21, "glottocode": "mand1415", "family_pk": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415", "name": "Mandarin Chinese (PTH)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 34.0, "longitude": 110.0}, "name": "Mandarin Chinese (PTH)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [110.0, 34.0]}, "id": "mand1415"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3317, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1159, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "A symmetrical verb; the internal structure of the verb includes the verb root s\u0329e 'to do / to make', and the inherent NP \u00e0\u00e1r\u00e8\u0329. The position of the inherent NP can be changed without affecting the meaning of the sentence.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245-be-ill-1", "name": "s\u0329\u00e0\u00e1r\u00e8\u0329", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2935, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2935, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 34, "source": null}}], "label": "s\u0329\u00e0\u00e1r\u00e8\u0329", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 34, "glottocode": "yoru1245", "family_pk": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245", "name": "Yor\u00f9b\u00e1 (Standard Yoruba)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.0, "longitude": 4.33333333333}, "name": "Yor\u00f9b\u00e1 (Standard Yoruba)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [4.33333333333, 8.0]}, "id": "yoru1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3565, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1188, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "adjective plus copula", "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283-be-ill-1", "name": "hivand e", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3102, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3102, "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283-be-ill", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 6, "parameter_pk": 15, "contribution_pk": 6, "source": null}}], "label": "hivand e", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": null, "pk": 6, "glottocode": "east2283", "family_pk": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283", "name": "Eastern Armenian (standard Eastern Armenian)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.0, "longitude": 45.0}, "name": "Eastern Armenian (standard Eastern Armenian)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [45.0, 40.0]}, "id": "east2283"}]}