{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "APPEAR [appear]", "domain": []}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 48, "basic_codingframe_pk": 2, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "Also: i\u010d-u, which is a decausative of it- 'see'.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1260-appear-1", "name": "hie", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 48, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 48, "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1260-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 9, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 9, "source": null}}], "label": "hie", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 9, "glottocode": "even1260", "family_pk": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1260", "name": "Even", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 70.67, "longitude": 130.91}, "name": "Even"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.91, 70.67]}, "id": "even1260"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 136, "basic_codingframe_pk": 53, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1295-appear-1", "name": "erscheinen", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 125, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 125, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1295-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 11, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 11, "source": null}}], "label": "erscheinen", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 11, "glottocode": "stan1295", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1295", "name": "German (Standard)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nConcerning the frequency of a verb's alternation, we decided intuitively whether\nan alternation occurs 'marginally' or 'regularly'. Some alternations marked as\noccuring 'marginally' surely have to be rediscussed.\n\nConcerning the Coding Frames we did not pay attention to adjuncts.\n\nOften there can be created alternations of alternations. We did not mark them but in most cases we made a comment.\nWe did not establish a causative alternation.", "markup_description": "
Concerning the frequency of a verb's alternation, we decided intuitively whether\nan alternation occurs 'marginally' or 'regularly'. Some alternations marked as\noccuring 'marginally' surely have to be rediscussed.
\nConcerning the Coding Frames we did not pay attention to adjuncts.
\nOften there can be created alternations of alternations. We did not mark them but in most cases we made a comment.\nWe did not establish a causative alternation.
", "latitude": 51.344339, "longitude": 12.348633}, "name": "German (Standard)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.348633, 51.344339]}, "id": "stan1295"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 232, "basic_codingframe_pk": 111, "original_script": "\u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f", "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Deponent reflexive", "jsondata": {}, "id": "russ1263-appear-1", "name": "pojavit\u02b9sja", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 215, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 215, "jsondata": {}, "id": "russ1263-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 29, "source": null}}], "label": "pojavit\u02b9sja", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 29, "glottocode": "russ1263", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "russ1263", "name": "Russian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 56.0, "longitude": 38.0}, "name": "Russian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [38.0, 56.0]}, "id": "russ1263"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 321, "basic_codingframe_pk": 176, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "often co-occurs with jiin\u0105k, cf. example 473", "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243-appear-1", "name": "ha\u01e7ep", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 299, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 299, "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 13, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 13, "source": null}}], "label": "ha\u01e7ep", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 13, "glottocode": "hoch1243", "family_pk": 10, "jsondata": {}, "id": "hoch1243", "name": "Hooc\u0105k (Wisconsin Hooc\u0105k)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 43.5, "longitude": -88.5}, "name": "Hooc\u0105k (Wisconsin Hooc\u0105k)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [271.5, 43.5]}, "id": "hoch1243"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 415, "basic_codingframe_pk": 236, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-appear-1", "name": "appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 387, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 387, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}], "label": "appear", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 8, "glottocode": "stan1293", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1293", "name": "English", "description": "#### General comment\n\nIn general the task presented by English is different in many ways from that\nfaced by most other contributors, mainly on account of the vast body of existing\nresearch on valency patterns on English but also on account of the unparalleled\nresources available for English, including very large corpora and the\nEnglish-language internet.\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nI have generally constructed what seem to me to be typical-sounding sentences.\nIn many cases I've checked on the internet or in Cobuld Wordbanks Online that\nthe examples are indeed \"ordinary\" in character, but I haven't restricted myself\nat this stage to using all and only corpus-documented examples.", "markup_description": "In general the task presented by English is different in many ways from that\nfaced by most other contributors, mainly on account of the vast body of existing\nresearch on valency patterns on English but also on account of the unparalleled\nresources available for English, including very large corpora and the\nEnglish-language internet.
\nI have generally constructed what seem to me to be typical-sounding sentences.\nIn many cases I've checked on the internet or in Cobuld Wordbanks Online that\nthe examples are indeed \"ordinary\" in character, but I haven't restricted myself\nat this stage to using all and only corpus-documented examples.
", "latitude": 53.0, "longitude": -1.0}, "name": "English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-1.0, 53.0]}, "id": "stan1293"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 511, "basic_codingframe_pk": 248, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bora1263-appear-1", "name": "b\u00f3howaav\u00e9", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 476, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 476, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bora1263-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 4, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 4, "source": null}}], "label": "b\u00f3howaav\u00e9", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0REMDAwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "South America", "pk": 4, "glottocode": "bora1263", "family_pk": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bora1263", "name": "Bora", "description": "#### General comment\n\nany noun phrase (argument or adjunct) is always optional (except for subjects\nwith some forms of verbal predicates). It was not possible to apply a test using\nthe sentence frame suggested in the manual to distinguish between arguments and\nadjuncts. The Bora coding frames given here include all arguments/adjuncts of\nthe pre-defined role frame with the corresponding Bora case marking.\n\nThe database includes as coded alternations causative, reflexive and reciprocal\nderivation, which are all productive. There is a separate derivational system,\nwhich is relatively unproductive, which combines transitivity marking and verbal\nnumber marking (see examples under SIT). These alternations are not taken into\naccount in this database.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nthe major resource for argument/adjunct identification is case marking which\napplies regularly to all noun phrases except that accusative case is marked only\non animates (-ke), unmarked for inanimates\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nsubjects may be cross-referenced by suffixes on the verb\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nword order is not a resource for argument identification, as it is mostly free\nexcept for some restricions on subjects: first and second person subject\npronouns procliticize to the verb, some forms of predicates require overt\nsubject noun phrases that precede the verb. If in such a construction a\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nData marked as \"elicited from native speaker\" was elicited by Frank Seifart\nduring field work in Peru in April 2010 and by telephone in March 2011.\nApplicability of alternations was also elicited on these two occasions.", "markup_description": "any noun phrase (argument or adjunct) is always optional (except for subjects\nwith some forms of verbal predicates). It was not possible to apply a test using\nthe sentence frame suggested in the manual to distinguish between arguments and\nadjuncts. The Bora coding frames given here include all arguments/adjuncts of\nthe pre-defined role frame with the corresponding Bora case marking.
\nThe database includes as coded alternations causative, reflexive and reciprocal\nderivation, which are all productive. There is a separate derivational system,\nwhich is relatively unproductive, which combines transitivity marking and verbal\nnumber marking (see examples under SIT). These alternations are not taken into\naccount in this database.
\nthe major resource for argument/adjunct identification is case marking which\napplies regularly to all noun phrases except that accusative case is marked only\non animates (-ke), unmarked for inanimates
\nsubjects may be cross-referenced by suffixes on the verb
\nword order is not a resource for argument identification, as it is mostly free\nexcept for some restricions on subjects: first and second person subject\npronouns procliticize to the verb, some forms of predicates require overt\nsubject noun phrases that precede the verb. If in such a construction a
\nData marked as \"elicited from native speaker\" was elicited by Frank Seifart\nduring field work in Peru in April 2010 and by telephone in March 2011.\nApplicability of alternations was also elicited on these two occasions.
", "latitude": -2.16666666667, "longitude": -72.3333333333}, "name": "Bora"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [287.6666666667, -2.16666666667]}, "id": "bora1263"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 784, "basic_codingframe_pk": 324, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-appear-1", "name": "muncul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 721, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 721, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}, {"pk": 785, "basic_codingframe_pk": 320, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-appear-2", "name": "nongol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 721, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 721, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}], "label": "muncul, nongol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwOTkwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 16, "glottocode": "indo1316", "family_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "indo1316", "name": "Jakarta Indonesian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.20924, "longitude": 106.833729}, "name": "Jakarta Indonesian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [106.833729, -6.20924]}, "id": "indo1316"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 892, "basic_codingframe_pk": 338, "original_script": "\ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub2e4", "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "The morphological causative of this verb has developed a meaning that diverges quite a lot from the basic meaning, and the locative argument is not expressible anymore. See ex. 270.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "kore1280-appear-1", "name": "natanada", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 812, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 812, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kore1280-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 20, "source": null}}], "label": "natanada", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiM5OTAwOTk7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 20, "glottocode": "kore1280", "family_pk": 13, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kore1280", "name": "Korean (Spoken Korean as used in and around Seoul)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nKorean is spoken by approximately 70 million (Lee and Ramsey 2000: 1, Yeon 2003:\n17) people mainly on the Korean peninsula. Many varieties exist also outside the\npeninsula, reaching from Northern China far out to Central Asia. This database\nshows valency properties of Modern South Korean (henceforth Korean, see also\ndiscussion below) which is based on the dialect of Seoul (see Song 2012),\nalthough contrary to standard sources such as Sohn (1999), an emphasis has been\nput on what is commonly used in spoken usage.\n\nKorean is an agglutinating language with a basic word order often stated as SOV,\nalthough it may be flexible depending on information structure and discourse\nfactors. Word order may become less flexible as soon as case markers are\ndropped, and whenever there are double nominative or double accusative\nconstructions (see comments on ordering resources though).\n\nThe genetic affiliation of Korean is notoriously disputed, with three different\nmain stances on this: The first stance is that Korean is an Altaic language (Lee\n2008), the second that it might be distantly related to Japanese (Lee and Ramsey\n2000), and the third that it is simply a language isolate (Sohn 1999).\nEspecially the latter suggestion is highly misleading:\n\nFirstly, monographs such as Lee and Ramsey 2000 explain that it is probable that\nmultiple related languages were spoken by ancient kingdoms, and probably the\nlanguage of Shilla gave rise to what is now considered Korean. However, data\nseems to be scarce and not much can be said about the different languages spoken\non the Korean peninsula during that period.\n\nSecondly, a huge deal of socio-politically motivated language ideology is\nobvious, yet far too often overlooked in Korean linguistics (and beyond), and it\nis curious that with 'Korean' we almost always refer to Modern Standard South\nKorean. Prescriptive movements and over-standardisation (see Park 2010) seems to\nbe a popular sociolinguistic practice fed by nationalism and high pride of one's\nown language. As a consequence, regional variation is commonly downplayed within\nKorean linguistics, and as a result, material on variation of Korean covers\nrelatively few linguistic areas and is generally very dense (see King 2006, for\nexample).\n\nThe past years have seen an ongoing change of perception, at least in\nnon-capital parts of Korea as well as international linguistics. Although not\nwidely acknowledged yet, Jeju spoken in Jeju Province has been classified as\na critically endangered language (Moseley 2010), and renowned figures in the\nfield of endangered languages and Korean linguistics (Matthias Brenzinger, p.c.\nand William O'Grady, p.c.) support the view that Korean is only a language\nisolate by ideology, but not by empirical fact, since it should more\nappropriately seen as constituting a small Koreanic language family of at least\ntwo languages (see Kang 2007 for a rough sketch of Korean's little sister\nlanguage Jeju).\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nKorean uses case marking to flag verbal arguments. Syntactically, case markers\nmay be affixed to simple nouns and noun phrases. The syntactic status of case\nmarkers is disputed, with some counting them all as postpositions (see Yeon\n2003: 22 or Sohn 1999: 293 for an overview); and also the number of different\ncases is not agreed upon. Case stacking is possible on nouns. Case markers are\ncommonly dropped in colloquial speech and give rise to certain ambiguities. The\ndifferences between colloquial and literary Korean have not been acknowledged\nenough in the literature, and some of the content of this database might seem\nwrong to some scholars who have been trained in a Korean schooling system. The\nappearance of nominative and accusative case markers may depend on discourse\nfactors similar to differential argument marking (see Lee and Thompson 1989, as\none of few studies), with more extreme (but certainly more interesting) studies\nsuggesting that Korean 'case' markers might not be case markers at all (cf.\nSch\u00fctze 2001).\n\nNote that with respect to the dative case marking, there seems to be sort of\na differential marking in Korean where only animate nouns can receive dative\nmarking, and inanimate nouns in corresponding functions receive locative\nmarking.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nKorean verbs do not inflect with respect to person, number or gender. A special\ncase might be the agglutination of the honorific suffix -si- which is coreferent\nwith an A or S argument, and never co-occurs with the first person being the\nsubject of a verb due to sociolinguistic motivations.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nMany scholars (for example Yeon 2003: 18 or Sohn 1999: 293) see Korean as\na scrambling language where the order of constituents is fairly free as long as\nthe predicate comes last. This conclusion has been drawn on the simple\nobservation that as long as every NP in a sentence bears case marking, putting\nthe constituents in different order does not seem to lead to ungrammaticality.\n\nFrom the viewpoint of how Korean is actually used, the generalisations on Korean\nword order are far too simplistic. As shown in a few examples in this database,\nfor example one in the layout for GIVE, case markers are not employed as often\nas a reference grammar might suggest, and the lack of case marking on NPs often\nleads to strict word order. Furthermore, in cases where we have double\nnominative or double accusative constructions the word order of the verbal\narguments is fairly fixed. There are interesting studies on Japanese however\n(cf. Hinds 1981) which suggest that this 'fixed' word order might exist only in\nthe 'intuition' of a native speaker (or more specifically, my humble self),\nsince it has been reported that Japanese grammarians frequently utter the same\nthread of thought, although actual spoken Japanese shows that the abovementioned\nword order variations might well be possible under certain conditions.\n\nAs Sohn (1999: 293) himself mentions, \"in actual utterances, a speaker tends to\nplace an animate, definite and/or specific noun phrase before the other noun\nphrases\", and observing 'free word order' in Korean should rather be taken with\na pinch of salt.\n\nAlso, Korean word order and case marking seems to ineract in a very complex way\nwith information structure, referentiality and definiteness. This is an area\nthat has been widely neglected in the study of Korean. The study of these areas\nshould show that Korean word order is by far not that 'liberal' as is constantly\nreiterated in grammatical descriptions.\n\n#### Criteria used when judging if an alternation occurs regularly/marginally/never\n\n\"Regularly\" means that a verb in the alternated form under discussion is\ngrammatically acceptable and common to me. \"Marginally\" means that subjectively,\nI have not come across these constructions very frequently, or that a verb in\nthis alternation sounds quite odd, maybe because I would not use the verb that\nway but rather use an alternative paraphrase. It can also mean that I am simply\nnot sure if you can say that this way because I have never had the need to. As\nyou can see, verbs marked as \"marginally\" are marked as such more various\nreasons which may depend more on my individual meta-linguistic judgment. For\nthis reason I have always tried to avoid ticking this option as much as I could.\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nThe data is based on introspection of the contributor (Soung-U Kim),\na German-born male linguist of Korean descent, as well as on the grammatical\njudgment of two persons consulted for his BA thesis (completed in 2011), with\ntwo other persons consulted in 2013/2014 during the elaboration of this\ndatabase. Whenever the grammatically of an expression does not seem to be\nuniversally acceptable, I indicated it in the comment field. Sometimes I googled\nthe existence of some forms I use (in order to maximally exclude idiolectal and\nbilingual interference), but I am aware that this method may have its pitfalls\nas well and should be seen under a sceptical eye. Note that although I did not\nreceive Korean schooling, I spent several years in Korea as a child, with\nSouthern Jeolla Korean being my L1. I am well aware of the problems of data\ncollection through introspection, and surely studies on Korean with a much\ngreater range of native speakers (who have grown up in Seoul) will show much\nmore reliable data than the present set. I hope that the present database can\nrather give some 'nudges' into directions of more sophisticated research.\n\nA lot of 'verb entries' are either complex predicates or tend to be used as\nsuch, and I have given some information in each entry. As mentioned, a special\nemphasis has been put on the naturalness of certain verb forms and constructions\n(see FRIGHTEN, for example), and contrary to well-known sources such as Yeon\n(2003) I have decided basic coding patterns rather following my intuition on the\nnaturalness of a construction in informal usage, and several examples show\nspoken Korean which differs quite strongly from the Korean normally shown in\ngrammars.\n\nThe transcription of Korean follows the regulations of the Revised Romanisation\nof 2000. Primary texts in examples indicate the actual pronunciation of Korean\nmorphemes (largely excluding phonological changes happening across wod\nboundaries), with the spacing following the Korean script. The analyzed text\nstrictly follows a phonemic representation, which also applies to the verb\nentries. The glossing follows the Leipzig Glossing rules. The original script\nfields sometimes contain differently romanised examples from existing monographs\nin English.\n\nPersonal pronouns only exist for 1st and 2nd person. However, for third person\ndemonstratives sometimes I have chosen 3SG as their gloss since demostratives in\nKorean can be quite complex, involving a three-way distinction into proximal,\nmedial and distal, and behaving much like nouns in terms of the affixes they can\ntake on.\n\nWhenever a verb is discussed here that is actually included in the database,\nI tried to write it in capital letters.", "markup_description": "Korean is spoken by approximately 70 million (Lee and Ramsey 2000: 1, Yeon 2003:\n17) people mainly on the Korean peninsula. Many varieties exist also outside the\npeninsula, reaching from Northern China far out to Central Asia. This database\nshows valency properties of Modern South Korean (henceforth Korean, see also\ndiscussion below) which is based on the dialect of Seoul (see Song 2012),\nalthough contrary to standard sources such as Sohn (1999), an emphasis has been\nput on what is commonly used in spoken usage.
\nKorean is an agglutinating language with a basic word order often stated as SOV,\nalthough it may be flexible depending on information structure and discourse\nfactors. Word order may become less flexible as soon as case markers are\ndropped, and whenever there are double nominative or double accusative\nconstructions (see comments on ordering resources though).
\nThe genetic affiliation of Korean is notoriously disputed, with three different\nmain stances on this: The first stance is that Korean is an Altaic language (Lee\n2008), the second that it might be distantly related to Japanese (Lee and Ramsey\n2000), and the third that it is simply a language isolate (Sohn 1999).\nEspecially the latter suggestion is highly misleading:
\nFirstly, monographs such as Lee and Ramsey 2000 explain that it is probable that\nmultiple related languages were spoken by ancient kingdoms, and probably the\nlanguage of Shilla gave rise to what is now considered Korean. However, data\nseems to be scarce and not much can be said about the different languages spoken\non the Korean peninsula during that period.
\nSecondly, a huge deal of socio-politically motivated language ideology is\nobvious, yet far too often overlooked in Korean linguistics (and beyond), and it\nis curious that with 'Korean' we almost always refer to Modern Standard South\nKorean. Prescriptive movements and over-standardisation (see Park 2010) seems to\nbe a popular sociolinguistic practice fed by nationalism and high pride of one's\nown language. As a consequence, regional variation is commonly downplayed within\nKorean linguistics, and as a result, material on variation of Korean covers\nrelatively few linguistic areas and is generally very dense (see King 2006, for\nexample).
\nThe past years have seen an ongoing change of perception, at least in\nnon-capital parts of Korea as well as international linguistics. Although not\nwidely acknowledged yet, Jeju spoken in Jeju Province has been classified as\na critically endangered language (Moseley 2010), and renowned figures in the\nfield of endangered languages and Korean linguistics (Matthias Brenzinger, p.c.\nand William O'Grady, p.c.) support the view that Korean is only a language\nisolate by ideology, but not by empirical fact, since it should more\nappropriately seen as constituting a small Koreanic language family of at least\ntwo languages (see Kang 2007 for a rough sketch of Korean's little sister\nlanguage Jeju).
\nKorean uses case marking to flag verbal arguments. Syntactically, case markers\nmay be affixed to simple nouns and noun phrases. The syntactic status of case\nmarkers is disputed, with some counting them all as postpositions (see Yeon\n2003: 22 or Sohn 1999: 293 for an overview); and also the number of different\ncases is not agreed upon. Case stacking is possible on nouns. Case markers are\ncommonly dropped in colloquial speech and give rise to certain ambiguities. The\ndifferences between colloquial and literary Korean have not been acknowledged\nenough in the literature, and some of the content of this database might seem\nwrong to some scholars who have been trained in a Korean schooling system. The\nappearance of nominative and accusative case markers may depend on discourse\nfactors similar to differential argument marking (see Lee and Thompson 1989, as\none of few studies), with more extreme (but certainly more interesting) studies\nsuggesting that Korean 'case' markers might not be case markers at all (cf.\nSch\u00fctze 2001).
\nNote that with respect to the dative case marking, there seems to be sort of\na differential marking in Korean where only animate nouns can receive dative\nmarking, and inanimate nouns in corresponding functions receive locative\nmarking.
\nKorean verbs do not inflect with respect to person, number or gender. A special\ncase might be the agglutination of the honorific suffix -si- which is coreferent\nwith an A or S argument, and never co-occurs with the first person being the\nsubject of a verb due to sociolinguistic motivations.
\nMany scholars (for example Yeon 2003: 18 or Sohn 1999: 293) see Korean as\na scrambling language where the order of constituents is fairly free as long as\nthe predicate comes last. This conclusion has been drawn on the simple\nobservation that as long as every NP in a sentence bears case marking, putting\nthe constituents in different order does not seem to lead to ungrammaticality.
\nFrom the viewpoint of how Korean is actually used, the generalisations on Korean\nword order are far too simplistic. As shown in a few examples in this database,\nfor example one in the layout for GIVE, case markers are not employed as often\nas a reference grammar might suggest, and the lack of case marking on NPs often\nleads to strict word order. Furthermore, in cases where we have double\nnominative or double accusative constructions the word order of the verbal\narguments is fairly fixed. There are interesting studies on Japanese however\n(cf. Hinds 1981) which suggest that this 'fixed' word order might exist only in\nthe 'intuition' of a native speaker (or more specifically, my humble self),\nsince it has been reported that Japanese grammarians frequently utter the same\nthread of thought, although actual spoken Japanese shows that the abovementioned\nword order variations might well be possible under certain conditions.
\nAs Sohn (1999: 293) himself mentions, \"in actual utterances, a speaker tends to\nplace an animate, definite and/or specific noun phrase before the other noun\nphrases\", and observing 'free word order' in Korean should rather be taken with\na pinch of salt.
\nAlso, Korean word order and case marking seems to ineract in a very complex way\nwith information structure, referentiality and definiteness. This is an area\nthat has been widely neglected in the study of Korean. The study of these areas\nshould show that Korean word order is by far not that 'liberal' as is constantly\nreiterated in grammatical descriptions.
\n\"Regularly\" means that a verb in the alternated form under discussion is\ngrammatically acceptable and common to me. \"Marginally\" means that subjectively,\nI have not come across these constructions very frequently, or that a verb in\nthis alternation sounds quite odd, maybe because I would not use the verb that\nway but rather use an alternative paraphrase. It can also mean that I am simply\nnot sure if you can say that this way because I have never had the need to. As\nyou can see, verbs marked as \"marginally\" are marked as such more various\nreasons which may depend more on my individual meta-linguistic judgment. For\nthis reason I have always tried to avoid ticking this option as much as I could.
\nThe data is based on introspection of the contributor (Soung-U Kim),\na German-born male linguist of Korean descent, as well as on the grammatical\njudgment of two persons consulted for his BA thesis (completed in 2011), with\ntwo other persons consulted in 2013/2014 during the elaboration of this\ndatabase. Whenever the grammatically of an expression does not seem to be\nuniversally acceptable, I indicated it in the comment field. Sometimes I googled\nthe existence of some forms I use (in order to maximally exclude idiolectal and\nbilingual interference), but I am aware that this method may have its pitfalls\nas well and should be seen under a sceptical eye. Note that although I did not\nreceive Korean schooling, I spent several years in Korea as a child, with\nSouthern Jeolla Korean being my L1. I am well aware of the problems of data\ncollection through introspection, and surely studies on Korean with a much\ngreater range of native speakers (who have grown up in Seoul) will show much\nmore reliable data than the present set. I hope that the present database can\nrather give some 'nudges' into directions of more sophisticated research.
\nA lot of 'verb entries' are either complex predicates or tend to be used as\nsuch, and I have given some information in each entry. As mentioned, a special\nemphasis has been put on the naturalness of certain verb forms and constructions\n(see FRIGHTEN, for example), and contrary to well-known sources such as Yeon\n(2003) I have decided basic coding patterns rather following my intuition on the\nnaturalness of a construction in informal usage, and several examples show\nspoken Korean which differs quite strongly from the Korean normally shown in\ngrammars.
\nThe transcription of Korean follows the regulations of the Revised Romanisation\nof 2000. Primary texts in examples indicate the actual pronunciation of Korean\nmorphemes (largely excluding phonological changes happening across wod\nboundaries), with the spacing following the Korean script. The analyzed text\nstrictly follows a phonemic representation, which also applies to the verb\nentries. The glossing follows the Leipzig Glossing rules. The original script\nfields sometimes contain differently romanised examples from existing monographs\nin English.
\nPersonal pronouns only exist for 1st and 2nd person. However, for third person\ndemonstratives sometimes I have chosen 3SG as their gloss since demostratives in\nKorean can be quite complex, involving a three-way distinction into proximal,\nmedial and distal, and behaving much like nouns in terms of the affixes they can\ntake on.
\nWhenever a verb is discussed here that is actually included in the database,\nI tried to write it in capital letters.
", "latitude": 36.6331621, "longitude": 128.23242188}, "name": "Korean (Spoken Korean as used in and around Seoul)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [128.23242188, 36.6331621]}, "id": "kore1280"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1088, "basic_codingframe_pk": 395, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Often appears with emphatic deverbal noun iparse before in double verb construction, e.g. ex. 131", "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238-appear-1", "name": "ipars", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 984, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 984, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 26, "source": null}}], "label": "ipars", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMEZGMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 26, "glottocode": "nenn1238", "family_pk": 17, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nenn1238", "name": "Nen", "description": "#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nCase (ergative/absolutive), around 12 case suffixes. ERG/ABS neutralisation in\nsingular case forms of pronouns only.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nVerb indexes up to two arguments, undergoer by prefix and actor by suffix. Only\naround 25 verbs are morphologically intransitive: all but 4 of them belonging to\na special 'positional' class, the rest being 'be', 'come' (lit. hither-be), 'go'\n(lit. 'thither-be') and 'walk'. Other syntactically monovalent verbs use\na morphologically middle construction with a person/number-invariant prefix plus\na person/number sensitive suffix. The 'undergoer' verb prefixes are used for\nboth direct and indirect objects, though these are flagged by different cases\n(absolutive and dative) on the corresponding free NPs.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nWord order is predominantly SOV (i.e. APV), though with some flexibility allowed\nby discourse factors. However, in the very productive 'experiencer object'\nconstruction used for most physical sensations like pain or disease, however,\nthe order is PAV, i.e. the experiencer of the pain is generally placed first\ndespite the fact that on other grounds it is the undergoer: it takes absolutive\ncase and is cross-reference by the undergoer prefix.", "markup_description": "Case (ergative/absolutive), around 12 case suffixes. ERG/ABS neutralisation in\nsingular case forms of pronouns only.
\nVerb indexes up to two arguments, undergoer by prefix and actor by suffix. Only\naround 25 verbs are morphologically intransitive: all but 4 of them belonging to\na special 'positional' class, the rest being 'be', 'come' (lit. hither-be), 'go'\n(lit. 'thither-be') and 'walk'. Other syntactically monovalent verbs use\na morphologically middle construction with a person/number-invariant prefix plus\na person/number sensitive suffix. The 'undergoer' verb prefixes are used for\nboth direct and indirect objects, though these are flagged by different cases\n(absolutive and dative) on the corresponding free NPs.
\nWord order is predominantly SOV (i.e. APV), though with some flexibility allowed\nby discourse factors. However, in the very productive 'experiencer object'\nconstruction used for most physical sensations like pain or disease, however,\nthe order is PAV, i.e. the experiencer of the pain is generally placed first\ndespite the fact that on other grounds it is the undergoer: it takes absolutive\ncase and is cross-reference by the undergoer prefix.
", "latitude": -8.581021, "longitude": 142.119141}, "name": "Nen"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [142.119141, -8.581021]}, "id": "nenn1238"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1188, "basic_codingframe_pk": 417, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": "The usage of loanwords is sporadic and inconsistent.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241-appear-1", "name": "no verbal counterpart", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1070, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1070, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 27, "source": null}}], "label": "no verbal counterpart", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMEZGRkY7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 27, "glottocode": "nuuu1241", "family_pk": 18, "jsondata": {}, "id": "nuuu1241", "name": "N\u01c0\u01c0ng", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.434883, "longitude": 21.31897}, "name": "N\u01c0\u01c0ng"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [21.31897, -28.434883]}, "id": "nuuu1241"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1282, "basic_codingframe_pk": 424, "original_script": "\u0638\u0647\u0631", "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "A stem I verb", "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318-appear-1", "name": "z\u0323ahara", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1156, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1156, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 25, "source": null}}], "label": "z\u0323ahara", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRkZGRkY7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 25, "glottocode": "stan1318", "family_pk": 16, "jsondata": {}, "id": "stan1318", "name": "Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)", "description": "#### General comment\n\n * Language family: Afro Asiatic > Semitic > Centralsemitic > Arabic\n * National language in 26 states\n * In all Arabic speaking communities there is a Diglossical situation with three varieties of Arabic:\n 1. Arabic Vernaculars - varieties of Arabic dialects, learned as a native language\n 2. Classical Arabic (CA) - the language of the Quran used in liturgical acts\n 3. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) - used as lingua franca in interdialectical comunication, in media, education, street-signs, etc.; acquired as L2 through education\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\n * MSA is an accusative language and has a three-case system:MSA is a VSO language with no fixed word order.
\nAround 90 % of the data is elicited and consulted with two native speakers of\nhasaniya (dialect of Arabic in Mauretania) both fluently speaking MSA.
\nAdditional data is gained from naturalistic written texts of modern Arabic\nliteratur, source: http://arabicorpus.byu.edu/
", "latitude": 27.96, "longitude": 43.85}, "name": "Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [43.85, 27.96]}, "id": "stan1318"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1374, "basic_codingframe_pk": 445, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "to come, to appear", "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248-appear-1", "name": "yo\u207fq'al", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1244, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1244, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 3, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 3, "source": null}}], "label": "yo\u207fq'al", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6Izk5MDA5OTtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 3, "glottocode": "bezh1248", "family_pk": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bezh1248", "name": "Bezhta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.12, "longitude": 46.03}, "name": "Bezhta"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [46.03, 42.12]}, "id": "bezh1248"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1462, "basic_codingframe_pk": 556, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282-appear-1", "name": "apparire", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1332, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1332, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 15, "source": null}}], "label": "apparire", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 15, "glottocode": "ital1282", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ital1282", "name": "Italian (Standard Italian)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nItalian is a nominative-accusative language, with some domains where the\nencoding of arguments follows an active and marginally an ergative patterning.\nThe syntactic function of arguments is signalled by agreement and word order for\nthe nuclear arguments of the clause, A and P. Recipients and other non-core and\nperipheral arguments (i.e., adjuncts) are expressed by means of prepositions.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nThere are no cases, apart from a residual accusative and dative form for clitic\npronouns, used, respectively, for core and non-core arguments (e.g., recipients,\nlocative adjuncts etc.). Most typically peripheral arguments, i.e., adjuncts,\nare coded through prepositional phrases.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nAgreement is always with the A/S argument in simple tenses. In compound tenses\nthere occurs split agreement when P is realized by a pronoun: the finite verb\nalways agrees with A, whilst the past participle agrees with the pronominal\nP (ergative orientation). S always agrees with the finite verb in simple tenses.\nIn compound tenses the past participle agrees with S if the verb is\nunaccusative, whilst it reverts to the unmarked masculine singular if the verb\nis unergative.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nSyntactically, Italian is an SVO language, characterized by pragmatic rigidity\nand relative syntactic freedom, with tension between the basic SV(O) order and\na pragmatic principle, whereby focal P arguments occur after the verb (Bentley\n2006: 363, 368-370, 2008 and references therein).\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nDictionaries, scientific literature, naturalistic written examples, constructed\nby native speaker linguists, the Online Corpus of Written Italian ItWac (Baroni\n& Kilgariff 2006).", "markup_description": "Italian is a nominative-accusative language, with some domains where the\nencoding of arguments follows an active and marginally an ergative patterning.\nThe syntactic function of arguments is signalled by agreement and word order for\nthe nuclear arguments of the clause, A and P. Recipients and other non-core and\nperipheral arguments (i.e., adjuncts) are expressed by means of prepositions.
\nThere are no cases, apart from a residual accusative and dative form for clitic\npronouns, used, respectively, for core and non-core arguments (e.g., recipients,\nlocative adjuncts etc.). Most typically peripheral arguments, i.e., adjuncts,\nare coded through prepositional phrases.
\nAgreement is always with the A/S argument in simple tenses. In compound tenses\nthere occurs split agreement when P is realized by a pronoun: the finite verb\nalways agrees with A, whilst the past participle agrees with the pronominal\nP (ergative orientation). S always agrees with the finite verb in simple tenses.\nIn compound tenses the past participle agrees with S if the verb is\nunaccusative, whilst it reverts to the unmarked masculine singular if the verb\nis unergative.
\nSyntactically, Italian is an SVO language, characterized by pragmatic rigidity\nand relative syntactic freedom, with tension between the basic SV(O) order and\na pragmatic principle, whereby focal P arguments occur after the verb (Bentley\n2006: 363, 368-370, 2008 and references therein).
\nDictionaries, scientific literature, naturalistic written examples, constructed\nby native speaker linguists, the Online Corpus of Written Italian ItWac (Baroni\n& Kilgariff 2006).
", "latitude": 43.0, "longitude": 12.0}, "name": "Italian (Standard Italian)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.0, 43.0]}, "id": "ital1282"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1570, "basic_codingframe_pk": 669, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245-appear-1", "name": "that", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1421, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1421, "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 5, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 5, "source": null}}], "label": "that", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 5, "glottocode": "chhi1245", "family_pk": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "chhi1245", "name": "Chintang", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 26.947628, "longitude": 87.211189}, "name": "Chintang"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [87.211189, 26.947628]}, "id": "chhi1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1664, "basic_codingframe_pk": 681, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245-appear-1", "name": "wef\u00fcn", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1509, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1509, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 23, "source": null}}], "label": "wef\u00fcn", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRkZGMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "South America", "pk": 23, "glottocode": "mapu1245", "family_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mapu1245", "name": "Mapudungun", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -38.0, "longitude": -72.0}, "name": "Mapudungun"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [288.0, -38.0]}, "id": "mapu1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1770, "basic_codingframe_pk": 688, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "abaa is clearly derived from baa; both forms mean \"to be born\", \"to appear, show oneself\", and I noticed no real difference between the two...", "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244-appear-1", "name": "abaa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1596, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1596, "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 32, "source": null}}], "label": "abaa", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwOTkwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Papunesia", "pk": 32, "glottocode": "xara1244", "family_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "xara1244", "name": "X\u00e2r\u00e2c\u00f9\u00f9", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -21.6666666667, "longitude": 166.0}, "name": "X\u00e2r\u00e2c\u00f9\u00f9"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [166.0, -21.6666666667]}, "id": "xara1244"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1865, "basic_codingframe_pk": 704, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259-appear-1", "name": "\u0161ih-imut", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1682, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1682, "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0161ih-imut", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRjY2MDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "North America", "pk": 30, "glottocode": "como1259", "family_pk": 20, "jsondata": {}, "id": "como1259", "name": "Sliammon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 49.906, "longitude": -124.6179}, "name": "Sliammon"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [235.38209999999998, 49.906]}, "id": "como1259"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1966, "basic_codingframe_pk": 709, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241-appear-1", "name": "re\u0323 \u00e9gb\u00e8 vbie\u0323e\u0323", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1767, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1767, "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 7, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 7, "source": null}}], "label": "re\u0323 \u00e9gb\u00e8 vbie\u0323e\u0323", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 7, "glottocode": "emai1241", "family_pk": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "emai1241", "name": "Emai", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.08333333333, "longitude": 5.91666666667}, "name": "Emai"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.91666666667, 7.08333333333]}, "id": "emai1241"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2065, "basic_codingframe_pk": 747, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1259-appear-1", "name": "i\u010de-vu-l-", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1859, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1859, "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1259-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 10, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 10, "source": null}}], "label": "i\u010de-vu-l-", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 10, "glottocode": "even1259", "family_pk": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "even1259", "name": "Evenki", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 56.0, "longitude": 125.0}, "name": "Evenki"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [125.0, 56.0]}, "id": "even1259"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2167, "basic_codingframe_pk": 759, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "B\u00f3 and f\u00fanti are interchangeably used as intransitive verbs encoding movement from a closed space ('go out'), and by extension 'appear', but they behave differently with respect to causativization: f\u00fanti is a strictly intransitive verb, whereas b\u00f3 is a semi-labile verb.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-appear-1", "name": "f\u00fanti", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1943, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1943, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 22, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2168, "basic_codingframe_pk": 759, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "B\u00f3 is a semi-labile verb. Used intransitively, it also means 'go out', 'appear', and used transitively, 'take off', 'remove'. The coding frame corresponding to 'appear' has arbitrarily been selected.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-appear-2", "name": "b\u00f3", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 1943, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1943, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 22, "source": null}}], "label": "f\u00fanti, b\u00f3", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNERDAwMDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 22, "glottocode": "mand1436", "family_pk": 14, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1436", "name": "Mandinka", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.4166666667, "longitude": -16.0}, "name": "Mandinka"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.0, 13.4166666667]}, "id": "mand1436"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2289, "basic_codingframe_pk": 777, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Complex Verb. Lit. 'appear + COME'. Alternatively, see also bul ganima 'appear + HIT', in an equally intransitive frame. Accomplishment (durative) equivalent of bul ganima.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-appear-1", "name": "bul garumany", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2049, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2049, "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2290, "basic_codingframe_pk": 783, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Complex Verb, with transitive indexing but syntactically intransitive. Lit. 'appear + HIT'. Syntactically intransitive use of morphologically transitive verb 'HIT' in specialized sense with expressions of appearance. Achievement (punctual) equivalent of bul garumany.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-appear-2", "name": "bul ganimangu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2049, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2049, "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": null}}], "label": "bul garumany, bul ganimangu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMDAwREQ7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Australia", "pk": 17, "glottocode": "djam1255", "family_pk": 11, "jsondata": {}, "id": "djam1255", "name": "Jaminjung (Both Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru varieties)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nJaminjung belongs to the small Jaminjungan (or Western Mirndi) subgroup of the\ngeographically discontinuous Mirndi family, one of the non-Pama-Nyungan families\nof northern Australia. The name Jaminjung is used here for two named varieties,\nJaminjung and Ngaliwurru, which are mutually intelligible and exhibit mainly\nlexical differences. The traditional country of Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru\nspeakers is located north and south of the Victoria River around the present-day\ntownship of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. Jaminjung is severely\nendangered in that it is no longer acquired by children; only a few dozen\nelderly speakers are alive today.\n\nA pervasive feature of Jaminjung lexicon and grammar, which proves to be highly\nrelevant for the discussion of verb classes and alternations, is a division of\nthe \u201cverbal\u201d lexicon into two distinct parts of speech. This is an areal\nphenomenon found in a number of unrelated languages in Northern Australia.\n\nInflecting verbs (IVs), i.e. those taking obligatory pronominal prefixes and\ntense and mood marking, form a closed class with only about 35 members (with\nsome variation depending on the dialect affiliation and also the age of\nindividual speakers).\n\nUninflecting verbs (UVs; also known as \"coverbs\" or \"preverbs\" in the\nliterature) can be distinguished from IVs by the fact that they cannot take\nverbal inflections. They are also distinguishable from nominals in that they do\nnot co-occur with determiners such as demonstratives. UVs form an open class\nwhich can be expanded by loan words.\n\nPredicates in Jaminjung thus can be simple (an IV on its own) or complex (a\ncombination of an IV and one or two UVs). In addition, translation equivalents\nof verbs can be collocations involving nominals, e.g. expressions with a body\npart for feelings/pain, or expressions like gugu gardbany 'rain falls' = 'to\nrain'.\n\nMost valency alternations in Jaminjung are only relevant for complex predicates.\nA valency change in this type of alternation is achieved by combining the same\nUV with different IVs resulting e.g. in inchoative vs. causative complex\npredicates. In this database, they are therefore marked as \"UV\" preceding the\nalternation name, and are considered coded alternations even though they are not\ncoded by a dedicated valency-changing morphological marker. Note also that the\nsubstitution of different IVs with the same UV can also result in other semantic\ndifferences, e.g. in lexical aspect, deictic direction of motion, instrument\nused for contact, or other more subtle differences. In this database only\nvalency-changing alternations are considered.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nJaminjung has a rich system of cases which formally are clitics occurring once\nor more than once in a phrase. Case marking of core arguments follows an\nergative-absolutive pattern, with optional ergativity. As a general rule, the\ncase frame used with a particular predicate, whether simple or complex, follows\nfrom the morphological transitivity of the inflecting verb (IV). That is,\na single absolutive argument occurs with intransitive IVs, and an\nergative-absolutive case frame (or double absolutive if ergative marking is\nomitted) is used with transitive IVs. Since the absolutive is unmarked, it is\nnot glossed in examples. The ergative has the form -ni ~ -di.\n\nErgative marking of A arguments is optional in Jaminjung; the presence vs.\nabsence of ergative marking depends on a variety of factors including the\nsemantics of the predicate, animacy and degree of agentivity of A, and lexical\nand grammatical aspect. Therefore, presence vs. absence of ergative marking was\nnot considered an alternation for the purposes of this database.\n\nRegular double absolutive marking used for both A and P of some bivalent atelic\npredicates (with intransitive IV), i.e. the ergative is not possible on As in\nthis case.\n\nDouble absolutive marking is also used for both NP objects of a semantically\ntrivalent predicate.\n\nDative case ( -gu ~ -wu) marks addressees or beneficiaries and also has\na purposive function; in addition a specialised purposive case (-ngurlung) is\nused by some speakers, and the possessive case -gina (usually appearing in\nadnominal function) can have a purposive use as well.\n\nSpatial cases are locative (-gi ~ -g ~ -ni), allative (-bina) and ablative\n(-ngunyi / -giyag). Specialised forms of these cases are found on inherently\nlocative expressions. An additional origin case (-nyunga) indicates spatial\norigin (as in 'the man from England') but also has a causal function.\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nFrom the point of view of indexing morphology, inflecting verbs (IVs) fall into\ntwo non-overlapping classes. Morphologically transitive verbs in their\nnon-reflexive/reciprocal form occur with a set of pronominal prefixes which\nalways index the most agentive argument (A) and in addition the patient-like (P)\nargument. With ditransitive predicates, R rather than P is usually indexed\nexcept for a marginal alternation which is possible only in the case that P is\nanimate.\n\nThe order of prefixes is usually A followed by P, although in some cases\na portmanteau prefix is used. The 3rd person singular object (P) is not overtly\nexpressed except with a 3rd person singular subject.\n\nIn one variety, nonsingular first person P prefixes have been neutralised, i.e.\nonly the first person singular prefix is used, and an enclitic pronominal\n(identical to the dative form) is used to disambiguate for number and the\ninclusive/exclusive distinction.\n\nMorphologically intransitive verbs indicate their single argument (S) by\na pronominal prefix which in most cells of the paradigm (except 2nd person\nsingular) is identical to the A prefix. Thus, indexing more or less follows\na nominative-accusative pattern.\n\nA final indexing phenomenon is the cross-referencing of dative, locative and\nallative arguments or adjuncts by an enclitic oblique (dative) pronoun. This\n\u201cclitic doubling\u201d is restricted to animate referents.\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nWord order is purely pragmatically conditioned and not employed to indicate\ngrammatical roles. Noun phrases can be freely omitted if understood from context\n(zero anaphora).\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nData in this database are from both elicited and naturalistic speech recorded\nduring multiple field trips undertaken by the author between 1993 and 2008.\nOccasional examples also come from field notes and texts recorded by Mark\nHarvey, Janet Bolt, and Michael Walsh, and Dorothea Hoffmann. Examples from\naudio- or video-recorded sessions are accompanied by the file name of the audio\nfile as archived (with annotations) in the Jaminjung DoBeS archive\n(www.mpi.nl/dobes) (rather than a page nr). Examples marked as \"field notes\" are\noverheard examples. Examples with no file name information come from transcripts\nwhich are not yet linked to archived audio files.\n\nComments on conventions:\n\nIn literal glosses of complex verbs in the \"comments\" field, the gloss of the\ninflecting verb (IV) is in capitals.\n\nSince there is no infinitive form of the inflecting verb in Jaminjung and roots\nare not produced in isolation by speakers, the 3rd singular subject (+ 3rd sg\nobject for tr.verbs) past perfective form of inflecting verbs is provided\nthroughout, as this is one of the most frequent forms.\n\nBorrowings (in verb meanings) and code switches (in examples) from Kriol, the\nEnglish-lexified Creole language spoken by most Jaminjung speakers, are marked\nby angular brackets (<...>).", "markup_description": "Jaminjung belongs to the small Jaminjungan (or Western Mirndi) subgroup of the\ngeographically discontinuous Mirndi family, one of the non-Pama-Nyungan families\nof northern Australia. The name Jaminjung is used here for two named varieties,\nJaminjung and Ngaliwurru, which are mutually intelligible and exhibit mainly\nlexical differences. The traditional country of Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru\nspeakers is located north and south of the Victoria River around the present-day\ntownship of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. Jaminjung is severely\nendangered in that it is no longer acquired by children; only a few dozen\nelderly speakers are alive today.
\nA pervasive feature of Jaminjung lexicon and grammar, which proves to be highly\nrelevant for the discussion of verb classes and alternations, is a division of\nthe \u201cverbal\u201d lexicon into two distinct parts of speech. This is an areal\nphenomenon found in a number of unrelated languages in Northern Australia.
\nInflecting verbs (IVs), i.e. those taking obligatory pronominal prefixes and\ntense and mood marking, form a closed class with only about 35 members (with\nsome variation depending on the dialect affiliation and also the age of\nindividual speakers).
\nUninflecting verbs (UVs; also known as \"coverbs\" or \"preverbs\" in the\nliterature) can be distinguished from IVs by the fact that they cannot take\nverbal inflections. They are also distinguishable from nominals in that they do\nnot co-occur with determiners such as demonstratives. UVs form an open class\nwhich can be expanded by loan words.
\nPredicates in Jaminjung thus can be simple (an IV on its own) or complex (a\ncombination of an IV and one or two UVs). In addition, translation equivalents\nof verbs can be collocations involving nominals, e.g. expressions with a body\npart for feelings/pain, or expressions like gugu gardbany 'rain falls' = 'to\nrain'.
\nMost valency alternations in Jaminjung are only relevant for complex predicates.\nA valency change in this type of alternation is achieved by combining the same\nUV with different IVs resulting e.g. in inchoative vs. causative complex\npredicates. In this database, they are therefore marked as \"UV\" preceding the\nalternation name, and are considered coded alternations even though they are not\ncoded by a dedicated valency-changing morphological marker. Note also that the\nsubstitution of different IVs with the same UV can also result in other semantic\ndifferences, e.g. in lexical aspect, deictic direction of motion, instrument\nused for contact, or other more subtle differences. In this database only\nvalency-changing alternations are considered.
\nJaminjung has a rich system of cases which formally are clitics occurring once\nor more than once in a phrase. Case marking of core arguments follows an\nergative-absolutive pattern, with optional ergativity. As a general rule, the\ncase frame used with a particular predicate, whether simple or complex, follows\nfrom the morphological transitivity of the inflecting verb (IV). That is,\na single absolutive argument occurs with intransitive IVs, and an\nergative-absolutive case frame (or double absolutive if ergative marking is\nomitted) is used with transitive IVs. Since the absolutive is unmarked, it is\nnot glossed in examples. The ergative has the form -ni ~ -di.
\nErgative marking of A arguments is optional in Jaminjung; the presence vs.\nabsence of ergative marking depends on a variety of factors including the\nsemantics of the predicate, animacy and degree of agentivity of A, and lexical\nand grammatical aspect. Therefore, presence vs. absence of ergative marking was\nnot considered an alternation for the purposes of this database.
\nRegular double absolutive marking used for both A and P of some bivalent atelic\npredicates (with intransitive IV), i.e. the ergative is not possible on As in\nthis case.
\nDouble absolutive marking is also used for both NP objects of a semantically\ntrivalent predicate.
\nDative case ( -gu ~ -wu) marks addressees or beneficiaries and also has\na purposive function; in addition a specialised purposive case (-ngurlung) is\nused by some speakers, and the possessive case -gina (usually appearing in\nadnominal function) can have a purposive use as well.
\nSpatial cases are locative (-gi ~ -g ~ -ni), allative (-bina) and ablative\n(-ngunyi / -giyag). Specialised forms of these cases are found on inherently\nlocative expressions. An additional origin case (-nyunga) indicates spatial\norigin (as in 'the man from England') but also has a causal function.
\nFrom the point of view of indexing morphology, inflecting verbs (IVs) fall into\ntwo non-overlapping classes. Morphologically transitive verbs in their\nnon-reflexive/reciprocal form occur with a set of pronominal prefixes which\nalways index the most agentive argument (A) and in addition the patient-like (P)\nargument. With ditransitive predicates, R rather than P is usually indexed\nexcept for a marginal alternation which is possible only in the case that P is\nanimate.
\nThe order of prefixes is usually A followed by P, although in some cases\na portmanteau prefix is used. The 3rd person singular object (P) is not overtly\nexpressed except with a 3rd person singular subject.
\nIn one variety, nonsingular first person P prefixes have been neutralised, i.e.\nonly the first person singular prefix is used, and an enclitic pronominal\n(identical to the dative form) is used to disambiguate for number and the\ninclusive/exclusive distinction.
\nMorphologically intransitive verbs indicate their single argument (S) by\na pronominal prefix which in most cells of the paradigm (except 2nd person\nsingular) is identical to the A prefix. Thus, indexing more or less follows\na nominative-accusative pattern.
\nA final indexing phenomenon is the cross-referencing of dative, locative and\nallative arguments or adjuncts by an enclitic oblique (dative) pronoun. This\n\u201cclitic doubling\u201d is restricted to animate referents.
\nWord order is purely pragmatically conditioned and not employed to indicate\ngrammatical roles. Noun phrases can be freely omitted if understood from context\n(zero anaphora).
\nData in this database are from both elicited and naturalistic speech recorded\nduring multiple field trips undertaken by the author between 1993 and 2008.\nOccasional examples also come from field notes and texts recorded by Mark\nHarvey, Janet Bolt, and Michael Walsh, and Dorothea Hoffmann. Examples from\naudio- or video-recorded sessions are accompanied by the file name of the audio\nfile as archived (with annotations) in the Jaminjung DoBeS archive\n(www.mpi.nl/dobes) (rather than a page nr). Examples marked as \"field notes\" are\noverheard examples. Examples with no file name information come from transcripts\nwhich are not yet linked to archived audio files.
\nComments on conventions:
\nIn literal glosses of complex verbs in the \"comments\" field, the gloss of the\ninflecting verb (IV) is in capitals.
\nSince there is no infinitive form of the inflecting verb in Jaminjung and roots\nare not produced in isolation by speakers, the 3rd singular subject (+ 3rd sg\nobject for tr.verbs) past perfective form of inflecting verbs is provided\nthroughout, as this is one of the most frequent forms.
\nBorrowings (in verb meanings) and code switches (in examples) from Kriol, the\nEnglish-lexified Creole language spoken by most Jaminjung speakers, are marked\nby angular brackets (<...>).
", "latitude": -15.0833333333, "longitude": 130.5}, "name": "Jaminjung (Both Jaminjung and Ngaliwurru varieties)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.5, -15.0833333333]}, "id": "djam1255"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2467, "basic_codingframe_pk": 845, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": null, "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kett1243-appear-1", "name": "\u0259t\u2077-k\u2075-tn\u2070", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2217, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2217, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kett1243-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 19, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0259t\u2077-k\u2075-tn\u2070", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNOCA4IEgzMiBWMzIgSDggVjgiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiMwMDk5MDA7c3Ryb2tlOmJsYWNrO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxcHg7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luOnJvdW5kOyIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 19, "glottocode": "kett1243", "family_pk": 12, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kett1243", "name": "Ket", "description": "#### General comment\n\nRE: Ommission of reflexive pronounsRE: Ommission of reflexive pronouns
\nKet verbs regularly omit the object NP verb externally and also omit the\nverb-external reflexive pronoun, but the verb-internal marker that indexes this\nvalent is never dropped for discourse reasons.
RE: Object omission (NP ommission)
\nKet regularly drops its verb-external object NP to background it in discourse.\nHowever, the verb-internal object marker remains regardless of discourse\nfunction.
Subject indexing is the same for all intransitive verbs. It varies as\nconditioned by verb status (a conjugation category).
", "latitude": 19.33, "longitude": -88.47}, "name": "Yucatec Maya (dialect of Quintana Roo, zona maya)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [271.53, 19.33]}, "id": "yuca1254"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2936, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1069, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Most Ainu verbs lack inherent aspectual characteristics, e.g. an EXIST.SG/APPEAR.SG(=become existing).", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear-1", "name": "an", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2600, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2600, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 1, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2937, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1069, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "Most Ainu verbs lack inherent aspectual characteristics, e.g. an EXIST.SG/APPEAR.SG(=become existing).", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear-2", "name": "oka", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2600, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2600, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 1, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2938, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1068, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "hetuku/hetukpa SG/PL \u2018be born, spring up, appear (of natural phenomena only)\u2019", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear-3", "name": "hetuku", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2600, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2600, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 1, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2939, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1068, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": "hetuku/hetukpa SG/PL \u2018be born, spring up, appear (of natural phenomena only)\u2019", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear-4", "name": "hetukpa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2600, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2600, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 1, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "an, oka, hetuku, hetukpa", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwMDBERDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 1, "glottocode": "ainu1240", "family_pk": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ainu1240", "name": "Ainu (Southern Hokkaido)", "description": "#### General comment\n\nA genetic isolate, Ainu shows considerable dialectal variation: Hokkaido\n(Northeastern and Southwestern), Sakhalin, and Kurile groups. Ainu is\nagglutinating, polysynthetic and incorporating, with SV/AOV constituent order.\nIt is predominantly head-marking. Personal pronouns in the subject (A/S) and\nobject (O) position are often omitted: Ainu is a so-called pro-drop language but\nverbal cross-referencing markers are obligatory.\n\nSome verbs employ different stems for singular and plural. In the case of\nintransitive verbs, plurality refers to the number of S referents, while in the\ncase of transitive verbs plurality refers to the number of O or patientive\nA referents.\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nArguments do not inflect for case in Ainu: A and O are distinguished by their\nrelative position in clause structure and by verbal cross-referencing markers.\n\nObliques are marked by postpositions: locative ta , allative un (for inanimatre\nGoal) and dative e-un <head-ALL> (for animate Goal), ablative wa , instrumental\nani, comitative tura/turano, traversal peka (\u2018over\u2019), mutative ne (\u2018as\u2019; <ne\nCOP). Most case postpositions not only clearly originate in verbs but are still\nin a very early stage of the grammaticalization as they can often occur without\nrespective nouns, as in (a).\n\na. itanki huraye hine (itanki) ani i=ko-i-puniA genetic isolate, Ainu shows considerable dialectal variation: Hokkaido\n(Northeastern and Southwestern), Sakhalin, and Kurile groups. Ainu is\nagglutinating, polysynthetic and incorporating, with SV/AOV constituent order.\nIt is predominantly head-marking. Personal pronouns in the subject (A/S) and\nobject (O) position are often omitted: Ainu is a so-called pro-drop language but\nverbal cross-referencing markers are obligatory.
\nSome verbs employ different stems for singular and plural. In the case of\nintransitive verbs, plurality refers to the number of S referents, while in the\ncase of transitive verbs plurality refers to the number of O or patientive\nA referents.
\nArguments do not inflect for case in Ainu: A and O are distinguished by their\nrelative position in clause structure and by verbal cross-referencing markers.
\nObliques are marked by postpositions: locative ta , allative un (for inanimatre\nGoal) and dative e-un <head-ALL> (for animate Goal), ablative wa , instrumental\nani, comitative tura/turano, traversal peka (\u2018over\u2019), mutative ne (\u2018as\u2019; <ne\nCOP). Most case postpositions not only clearly originate in verbs but are still\nin a very early stage of the grammaticalization as they can often occur without\nrespective nouns, as in (a).
\na. itanki huraye hine (itanki) ani i=ko-i-puni
\nbowl wash and bowl INST INDF.O=to.APPL-APASS-raise
\n\u2018She washed a bowl and with (that bowl) he served me food.\u2019 Ani (INST) ( < ani 'hold sth') may also be interpreted as lit. \u2018holding (that bowl)' - zero-anaphora. However, if ani were still a verb here we would need a coordinating conjunction after ani, so it really has an intermediate status between a verb and postposition.
The system of grammatical relations in Ainu shows mixed alignment. There is\na tripartite alignment (distinct marking for S, A, and O) in 1PL pronominal\nverbal marking, viz. the prefix ci= marks A, the suffix =as S, and un= O for the\nfirst person exclusive, and a= A, =an S, and i= O for indefinite person.\nIndefinite is not only used to refer to the indefinite speaker or addressee, but\nalso as the first person plural inclusive, second person singular/plural\nhonorific, and logophoric (person of the protagonist). The latter is common in\nfolktales because they have the structure of reported discourse with the whole\nstory being a quote; for convenience the logophoric is translated as \u2018I\u2019 but is\nglossed as IND. There are elements of a neutral system in the second and third\nperson pronominal verbal marking, viz. A, S, and O are marked by e= in 2SG and\nby eci= in 2PL, and the third person is always zero-marked; independent personal\npronouns are the same for A, S, and O in all persons. There is also one feature\nof a nominative/accusative system: A=S, and O are distinct in the 1SG pronominal\nverbal marking, viz. 1SG ku= marks A, S, and en= O
\nIn pronominal verbal marking of transitive verbs, A affixes are, in most cases,\nplaced before O markers. However, when it comes to the interaction of first and\nsecond person participants, person marking on verbs is not always analyzable as\nARGa-ARGo-VERB, and it is, indeed, subject to considerable dialectal variation.
\nThe A set of prefixes is also employed in the inalienable possessive\nconstruction, where they are attached to the head noun (possessee) to mark the\nperson and number of the possessor. The head noun is additionally marked with\nthe allomorphic possessive suffixes -V or -(V)hV which copy a root-final vowel\nonce or twice with the epenthetic /h/ being inserted, viz. -ha/-hu/-ho/-he/-hi\nfor vowel-final roots, as in ku=sapa-ha (1SG.A=head-POSS) \u2018my head\u2019, and\n-a(ha)/-u(hu)/-o(ho)/-e(he)/-i(hi) for consonant-final roots, as in ci=setur-u\nor ci=setur-uhu (1PL.(EXC).A=back-POSS) \u2018our backs\u2019 . Relational nouns as heads\ndiffer from common nouns in that they employ the O set of prefixes to mark the\nperson and number of the possessor, viz. en=sam (1SG.O=near) \u2018near me\u2019.\nPossessive suffixes are attached to relational nouns only if the possessor is\n3SG/PL (zero-marked), viz. \u00d8=sam-a (3.O=near-POSS) \u2018near him/her/it\u2019.
\nAlienable possession is encoded by the relative clause-based periphrastic\nconstruction with the verb kor \u2018have sth/sb\u2019 as the predicate and the possessor\nas the subject; the head noun (possessee) is left unmarked: ku=\u00d8=kor kamuy\n[1SG.\u0410=3.O=have god] \u2018my god\u2019 (lit. \u2018the god (that) I have\u2019).
\nSV/AOV constituent order.
\nIn double object construction, generally A-R-T-V, but there are also other ordering options, they are pragmatically motivated.
Attributives are prepositive.
\nSubordinate clauses always precede main clauses.
\nIs based on previous documentation of Ainu which had been undertaken by the\ncontributor or other researchers of Ainu. Data from existing Ainu dictionaries\nand published texts have been used extensively, as well as those that are in the\nprocess of preparation for a publication (see forthcoming). For most examples,\nthere exist respective audio materials.
\nThe contributor, Anna Bugaeva, has been working on Ainu since 1997 after her\ngraduation from Department of Japanese (St. Petersburg University) in 1996. She\nwas supervised by an Ainu specialist Tomomi Satoo in her PhD (obtained in 2004\nfrom Hokkaido University) and by an Ainu specialist Hiroshi Nakagawa in her two\npost-docs (Chiba University). Currently, she works as an assistant professor at\nWaseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University.
", "latitude": 43.0, "longitude": 143.0}, "name": "Ainu (Southern Hokkaido)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [143.0, 43.0]}, "id": "ainu1240"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3137, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1124, "original_script": "\u51fa\u73b0", "simplex_or_complex": "Unknown", "comment": "ch\u016bxi\u00e0n well matches appear both semantically and syntactically, especially in that both words can enter the Locative Alternation. ch\u016bxi\u00e0n is used as an intransitive verb.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415-appear-1", "name": "ch\u016bxi\u00e0n", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2768, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2768, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 21, "source": null}}], "label": "ch\u016bxi\u00e0n", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 21, "glottocode": "mand1415", "family_pk": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mand1415", "name": "Mandarin Chinese (PTH)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 34.0, "longitude": 110.0}, "name": "Mandarin Chinese (PTH)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [110.0, 34.0]}, "id": "mand1415"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3304, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1160, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "A tripartite verb; the internal structure of the verb consists of fi+ara 'body' +h\u00e0n 'show'. If the recipient is included, it must be introduced by the preposition f\u00fan. However, the preposition marker can be dropped in the preposition-dropping alternation.", "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245-appear-1", "name": "farah\u00e0n", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 2922, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 2922, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 34, "source": null}}], "label": "farah\u00e0n", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Africa", "pk": 34, "glottocode": "yoru1245", "family_pk": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "yoru1245", "name": "Yor\u00f9b\u00e1 (Standard Yoruba)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.0, "longitude": 4.33333333333}, "name": "Yor\u00f9b\u00e1 (Standard Yoruba)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [4.33333333333, 8.0]}, "id": "yoru1245"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 3547, "basic_codingframe_pk": 1187, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Complex", "comment": "corpus frequencies: 25718/[0]/0 (basic/middle/causative); derived: lexical mediopassive of 'declare'", "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283-appear-1", "name": "hajtnvel", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3088, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3088, "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283-appear", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 6, "parameter_pk": 1, "contribution_pk": 6, "source": null}}], "label": "hajtnvel", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": null, "pk": 6, "glottocode": "east2283", "family_pk": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "east2283", "name": "Eastern Armenian (standard Eastern Armenian)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.0, "longitude": 45.0}, "name": "Eastern Armenian (standard Eastern Armenian)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [45.0, 40.0]}, "id": "east2283"}]}