sender

Microroles of
SEND

sender

sent thing

sending recipient

send causer

39 Verb forms in 34 Languages (68 Coding frames)

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Language	region	family	Verb form (SEND)	Coding frame	derived	arg_count	Index #	Coding set	Argument type
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	senda	B 1-nom V.agr[1] 2-acc til+3-gen	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.agr	A
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	B 1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)	Basic	3	1	V.subj	A
Zenzontepec Chatino	Americas	Otomanguean	nkā-tēję́	B V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Mandarin Chinese	Asia	Sino-Tibetan	fā	B 1 > (gěi+2 > ) V 3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Xârâcùù	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	nû	B 1 > V 2 xù+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Ainu	Asia	isolate	arpa-re (SG) / paye-re (PL)	B 1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V	Basic	3	1	subj.V	A
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	walló	B 1-nom 2-acc (3-all) V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ye	B 1 > V > 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	okuru	B 1-nom 2-loc 3-acc V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	watembs	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-erg & V.act	A
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	wäbäres	B 1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1]	Basic	2	1	NP-erg & V.act	A
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	send	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc ( > to+3)	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Balinese	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	ngirimang	B 1 V 2 ke+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Jaminjung	Southeast Asia & Australia	Mirndi	dalag ganarrany	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	1	NP-erg subj.V	A
Mandinka	Africa	Mande	kíi	B 1 > 2 > V > 3+ye	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	ʾarsala	B V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʾilâ+3)	Basic	3	1	V.subj NP-nom	A
Even	Asia	Tungusic	hör-u-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-loc V.subj[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	eda⁷-q⁵-t~a⁰ (S-eda-q-O-t-pl)	B 1 2 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	1	subj.V	A
Mapudungun	Americas	Araucanian	amulün	B V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew	Basic	3	1	V.subj	A
Yaqui	Americas	Uto-Aztecan	bittua (1)	B 1-nom 2-dir 3-acc V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Yorùbá	Africa	Niger-Congo	ráns̩é̩	B 1 fi+2 V sí+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	poslatʹ	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] 3-dat (1-instr)	Derived	3	1	NP-instr
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	ogur-u	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	poslatʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc 3-dat	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.subj	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	poslatʹ	D 2-nom V'sja.subj[2] 3-dat (1-instr)	Derived	3	1	NP-instr
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	poslatʹ	D 1-nom negV'.subj[1] 2-gen 3-dat	Derived	3	1	NP-nom & V.subj
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	schicken	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat 3-acc	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Even	Asia	Tungusic	hör-u-	D 2-nom 1-dat 3-loc advV'.subj[2]	Derived	3	1	NP-dat
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	okur-u	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	yeⁿyal	B 1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V	Basic	3	1	NP-erg	A
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	niindaahaad	B 1 subjA[1].V.objI[2] 2 (3)	Basic	3	1	subjA.V	A
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	schicken	D 1-nom V'.subj[1] 3-acc (prep+2-case)	Derived	3	1	NP-nom V.subj
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	hakt	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-abs V.agt[1].obj[3]	Basic	3	1	NP-erg & V.agt	A
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	haŋs	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-loc V.agt[1].obj[2]	Basic	3	1	NP-erg & V.agt	A
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	schicken	D 1-nom verV'.subj[1] 3-acc	Derived	2	1	NP-nom V.subj
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	schicken	D 3-nom passV'.subj[3] 2-dat (von+1-dat)	Derived	3	1	von+NP-dat
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	walló	D 4-nom 1-acc 2-acc 3-all V'tso	Derived	4	1	NP-acc
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ye úhùnmì	B 1 > V > 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	yeⁿyal	D 4-erg 1-instr 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'caus	Derived	4	1	NP-instr
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	walló	D 1/2-nom 3-all V'meí	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	yeⁿyal	D 1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip	Derived	3	1	NP-abs & abs.V
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	yeⁿyal	D 1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-poss
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ye	D 1 > V' > 2 > ye+5	Derived	3	1	Ø
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ye úhùnmì	D 1 > V' > 2 > ye+5	Derived	3	1	Ø
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	ogur-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat 3-acc V'rase	Derived	4	1	NP-dat
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	ogur-u	D 1-exp (2-dat) 3-acc V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-exp
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	ogur-u	D 3-nom 2-dat (1-loc) V'pass	Derived	3	1	NP-loc
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	D 2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	1	daParteDi+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	D 5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1	Derived	4	1	da+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	D siPassV' (a+3) (da+1)	Derived	2	1	da+NP
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	okur-u	D 3-nom 1-niyotte 2-dat V'pass	Derived	3	1	NP-niyotte
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	okur-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat 3-acc V'caus	Derived	4	1	NP-dat
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	túuxt	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 1 LOC3	Basic	3	1	sbj.V	A
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	túuxt	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1) LOC3	Derived	3	1	tumen+NP
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	túuxt	D sbj[1/2].V' LOC3	Derived	3	1	sbj.V
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	okur-u	D 2-nom 3-acc 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	Derived	3	1	NP-dat/niyotte
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	okur-u	D 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	kirim	B 1 V 2 3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Evenki	Asia	Altaic	ung-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-loc V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Nǀǀng	Africa	Tuu	ǀae(-a)	B 1 V 2-dat 3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Eastern Armenian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	uʁaɾkel	B 1-nom 2-nomdat LOC3 V.subj[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	yeⁿyal	D 1-erg 2-apud 3-abs abs[3].V'	Derived	3	1	NP-erg
Sri Lanka Malay	Asia	Austronesian	kiiring	B 1 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	senda	D 1-nom V'.agr[1] 3-dat 2-acc	Derived	3	1	NP-nom & V.agr
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	walló	D 1/2-nom (3-all) V'jcatsí	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	okuru	D 1-nom 2-loc 3-acc V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	D 1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	Derived	3	1	V.subj
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	trärs	B 1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1]	Basic	2	1	NP-erg & V.act	A
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	inviare	D 2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	1	daParteDi+NP
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	bonaeda	B 1-nom 2-acc LOC3 V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.