sayer

Microroles of
SAY

sayer

saying addressee

said content

say causer

38 Verb forms in 34 Languages (62 Coding frames)

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Language	region	family	Verb form (SAY)	Coding frame	derived	arg_count	Index #	Coding set	Argument type
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	D 1 3 UTT2 und[3].act[1].V'ben	Derived	3	1	act.V
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	segja (1)	B 1-nom V.agr[1] UTT2 við+3-acc	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.agr	S
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	B 1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)	Basic	3	1	V.subj	A
Zenzontepec Chatino	Americas	Otomanguean	nakwę	B UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3	Basic	3	2	Ø	A
Sliammon	Americas	Salish	na-t	B V.obj[1].sbj[2] 1	Basic	2	2	V.sbj	A
Xârâcùù	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	ché	B 1 > V 2 xù+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	A
Ainu	Asia	isolate	ye	B 1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V	Basic	3	1	subj.V	A
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ẹ ọ́í	B 1 > V > UTT2	Basic	2	1	Ø	I
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	owabs	B 1-abs 2-abs 3-dat V.act[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-abs & V.act	X
Balinese	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	ngorahang	B 1 V UTT2 teken+3	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	qāla	B V.subj[1] 1-nom li+2 UTT3	Basic	3	1	V.subj NP-nom	S
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	D 4 1 UTT2 und[1].act[4].V'caus	Derived	3	1	obj:und.V
Even	Asia	Tungusic	gö’n-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-all V.subj[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	skazatʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat UTT3	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.subj	S
Mapudungun	Americas	Araucanian	pin	B V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1	Basic	3	1	V.subj	A
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 ti'+3 1	Basic	3	1	sbj.V	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	govoritʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat UTT3	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.subj	S
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	govoritʹ	D 1-nom V'.subj[1] s+2-instr	Derived	2	1	NP-nom & V.subj
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	B 1 UTT2 act[1].V	Basic	2	1	act.V	X
Eastern Armenian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	asel	B 1-nom UTT2 (3-dat) V.subj[1]	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	X
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	S
Even	Asia	Tungusic	gö’n-	D 1&3-nom 2-acc recV'.subj[1&3]	Derived	3	1	NP-nom V.subj
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	ma~da⁰	B 1 (2-dat) subj[1].V UTT3	Basic	3	1	subj.V	S
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	t⁵-ki⁰ (S-t-O-ke-pl)	B 1 2 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	1	subj.V	A
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	naad	B 1 subjA[1].V.objI[2] 2 UTT3	Basic	3	1	subjA.V	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	B 1-erg 2-poss UTT3 V	Basic	3	1	NP-erg	X
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	kidod	B 1 V.subjS[1] UTT2	Basic	2	1	V.subjS	S
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	sagen	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] (von+1-dat)	Derived	2	1	von+NP-dat
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	lud	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-abs V.agt[1].obj[3]	Basic	3	1	NP-erg & V.agt	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	D 4-erg 1-instr 2-poss UTT3-quot V'caus	Derived	4	1	NP-instr
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	D 1-poss 2-poss UTT3-quot V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-poss
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 1 > V'.subj[1] > (a+3)	Derived	2	1	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	1	daParteDi+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	1	daParteDi+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1	Derived	4	1	da+NP
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	bilang	B 1 V ke+2 UTT3	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	omong	B 1 V (UTT2)	Basic	2	1	Ø	S
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1) ti'+3	Derived	3	1	tumen+NP
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	D sbj[1/2].V' ti'+3	Derived	3	1	sbj.V
Evenki	Asia	Altaic	guun-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Nǀǀng	Africa	Tuu	ku	B 1 V ng+2 UTT3	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	B 1-nom 2-acc UTT3	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 4-nom 1-acc 2-acc UTT3 V'tso	Derived	4	1	NP-acc
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 1/2-nom UTT3 V'jcatsí	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 1/2-nom UTT3 V'meí	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	segja (1)	D 1/2-nom reflV'.agr[1/2]	Derived	2	1	NP-nom & V.agr
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	sagen	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc (zu+3-dat)	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Sri Lanka Malay	Asia	Austronesian	biilang	B 1 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	yuu	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	S
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	S
Mandarin Chinese	Asia	Sino-Tibetan	shuō	B 1 > (duì+2 > ) V > UTT3	Basic	3	1	Ø	S
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	yuu	D 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-nom
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat UTT3 V'rase	Derived	4	1	NP-dat
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	D 1-exp 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	1	NP-exp
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D UTT3 1-dat/niyotte 2-dat V'pass	Derived	3	1	NP-dat/niyotte
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	say	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc ( > to+3)	Basic	3	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	malhada	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-quot V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	S
Jaminjung	Southeast Asia & Australia	Mirndi	ganiyu	B UTT2 1-erg 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	1	NP-erg subj.V	X
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	Derived	3	1	V.subj
Yaqui	Americas	Uto-Aztecan	tejwa	B 1-nom UTT2 (3-acc) V	Basic	3	1	NP-nom	A
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat UTT3 V'caus	Derived	4	1	NP-dat
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 2-nom UTT3 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	Derived	3	1	NP-dat/niyotte

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.