said content

Microroles of
SAY

sayer

saying addressee

said content

say causer

37 Verb forms in 33 Languages (63 Coding frames)

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Language	region	family	Verb form (SAY)	Coding frame	derived	arg_count	Index #	Coding set	Argument type
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	segja (1)	B 1-nom V.agr[1] UTT2 við+3-acc	Basic	3	2	UTT	X
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	B 1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Zenzontepec Chatino	Americas	Otomanguean	nakwę	B UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3	Basic	3	1	UTT	X
Xârâcùù	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	ché	B 1 > V 2 xù+3	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Ainu	Asia	isolate	ye	B 1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V	Basic	3	3	obj.V	P
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	owabs	B 1-abs 2-abs 3-dat V.act[1]	Basic	3	2	NP-abs	X
Balinese	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	ngorahang	B 1 V UTT2 teken+3	Basic	3	2	UTT	X
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	qāla	B V.subj[1] 1-nom li+2 UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	D 4 1 UTT2 und[1].act[4].V'caus	Derived	3	2	UTT
Even	Asia	Tungusic	gö’n-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-all V.subj[1]	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	skazatʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Mapudungun	Americas	Araucanian	pin	B V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1	Basic	3	3	Ø	X
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	D 1 3 UTT2 und[3].act[1].V'ben	Derived	3	2	UTT
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 ti'+3 1	Basic	3	2	V.obj	P
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	govoritʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	ee	B 1 UTT2 act[1].V	Basic	2	2	UTT	X
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	ẹ ọ́í	B 1 > V > UTT2	Basic	2	2	UTT	X
Even	Asia	Tungusic	gö’n-	D 2-nom 3-all medV'.subj[2]	Derived	2	2	NP-nom V.subj
Even	Asia	Tungusic	gö’n-	D 1&3-nom 2-acc recV'.subj[1&3]	Derived	3	2	NP-acc
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	t⁵-ki⁰ (S-t-O-ke-pl)	B 1 2 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	3	NP-dat	X
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	ma~da⁰	B 1 (2-dat) subj[1].V UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	naad	B 1 subjA[1].V.objI[2] 2 UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	B 1-erg 2-poss UTT3 V	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	kidod	B 1 V.subjS[1] UTT2	Basic	2	2	UTT	X
Eastern Armenian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	asel	B 1-nom UTT2 (3-dat) V.subj[1]	Basic	3	2	UTT	X
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	sagen	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] (von+1-dat)	Derived	2	2	NP-nom V.subj
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	lud	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-abs V.agt[1].obj[3]	Basic	3	2	NP-abs	X
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	D 4-erg 1-instr 2-poss UTT3-quot V'caus	Derived	4	3	UTT
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	nisal	D 1-poss 2-poss UTT3-quot V'pot	Derived	3	3	UTT
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	2	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	2	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1	Derived	4	2	Ø
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > a+3)	Derived	2	2	V.subj
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	3	UTT
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	bilang	B 1 V ke+2 UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	omong	B 1 V (UTT2)	Basic	2	2	UTT	X
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1) ti'+3	Derived	3	2	sbj.V
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	a'l	D sbj[1/2].V' ti'+3	Derived	3	2	sbj.V
Evenki	Asia	Altaic	guun-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Nǀǀng	Africa	Tuu	ku	B 1 V ng+2 UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	B 1-nom 2-acc UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 4-nom 1-acc 2-acc UTT3 V'tso	Derived	4	3	UTT
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 1/2-nom UTT3 V'jcatsí	Derived	3	3	UTT
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	néé	D 1/2-nom UTT3 V'meí	Derived	3	3	UTT
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	segja (1)	D 1/2-nom reflV'.agr[1/2]	Derived	2	2	NP-nom & V.agr
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	sagen	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc (zu+3-dat)	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Sri Lanka Malay	Asia	Austronesian	biilang	B 1 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	yuu	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	B 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Mandarin Chinese	Asia	Sino-Tibetan	shuō	B 1 > (duì+2 > ) V > UTT3	Basic	3	3	UTT	X
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	yuu	D 2-nom UTT3 passV'	Derived	2	3	UTT
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	yuu	D 1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	3	UTT
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat UTT3 V'rase	Derived	4	3	UTT
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	D 2-nom UTT3 V'pass	Derived	2	3	UTT
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	sjaber-u	D 1-exp 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	Derived	3	3	UTT
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D UTT3 1-dat/niyotte 2-dat V'pass	Derived	3	3	UTT
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	say	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc ( > to+3)	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	malhada	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-quot V	Basic	3	3	NP-quot	X
Jaminjung	Southeast Asia & Australia	Mirndi	ganiyu	B UTT2 1-erg 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	2	UTT obj.V	X
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dire	D 1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	Derived	3	2	Ø
Yaqui	Americas	Uto-Aztecan	tejwa	B 1-nom UTT2 (3-acc) V	Basic	3	2	UTT	X
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-dat UTT3 V'caus	Derived	4	3	UTT
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	i(w)-u	D 2-nom UTT3 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	Derived	3	3	UTT

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.