gift

Microroles of
GIVE

giver

gift

giving recipient

give causer

41 Verb forms in 36 Languages (72 Coding frames)

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participants

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Language	region	family	Verb form (GIVE)	Coding frame	derived	arg_count	Index #	Coding set	Argument type
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	hok'ų	D 4 1 2 3 und[3].und[2].und[1].act[4].V'caus	Derived	4	3	obj:und.V
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	gefa	B 1-nom V.agr[1] 2-dat 3-acc	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	rétta	B 1-nom V.agr[1] 2-dat 3-acc	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	B 1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Zenzontepec Chatino	Americas	Otomanguean	nkā-tāá	B V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3	Basic	3	2	jiʔį̄+NP	P
Mandarin Chinese	Asia	Sino-Tibetan	gěi	B 1 > V > 2 > 3	Basic	3	3	Ø	P
Sliammon	Americas	Salish	x̣ənat-t	B V.obj[1].sbj[2] 1 (obl-3)	Basic	3	3	obl-NP	L
Xârâcùù	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	xù	B 1 > V 2 xù+3	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Ainu	Asia	isolate	kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL)	B 1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	3	Ø	X
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	ajcú	B 1-nom 2-acc (3-all) V	Basic	3	3	NP-all	L
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	V li	B 1 > V > 2 > lí+3	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	ataeru	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	warams	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1]	Basic	3	2	NP-abs	X
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	give	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc ( > to+3)	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Balinese	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	maang	B 1 V 2 ke+3	Basic	3	2	Ø	P
Jaminjung	Southeast Asia & Australia	Mirndi	ganingarnany	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	3	3	NP-abs	X
Mandinka	Africa	Mande	díi	B 1 > 2 > V > 3+la	Basic	3	3	NP+la	I
Mandinka	Africa	Mande	só	B 1 > 2 > V > 3+la	Basic	3	3	NP+la	I
Even	Asia	Tungusic	bö-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-dat V.subj[1]	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	b³-aq⁰ (S-b-O-aq-pl)	B 1 2 3 subj[1].obj[3].V	Basic	3	2	Ø	X
Mapudungun	Americas	Araucanian	elun	B V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1	Basic	3	3	Ø	X
Yaqui	Americas	Uto-Aztecan	maka	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Yorùbá	Africa	Niger-Congo	fún	B 1 V 2 ní+3	Basic	3	3	ní+NP	X
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	hok'ų	D 1/2 3 und[3].act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	Derived	3	3	obj:und.V
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	hok'ų	D 4/1 2 3 und[3].und[2].act[4/1].V'caus	Derived	4	3	obj:und.V
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	ts'a'	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 1 LOC3	Basic	3	2	V.obj	P
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	hok'ų	B 1 2 3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V	Basic	3	3	obj:und.V	P
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kure-ru	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	jar-u	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	datʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc 3-dat	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	datʹ	D 2-nom V'sja.subj[2] 3-dat (1-instr)	Derived	3	2	NP-nom & V.subj
Eastern Armenian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	tal	B 1-nom 2-nomdat 3-dat V.subj[1]	Basic	3	2	NP-nomdat	P
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	datʹ	D 1-nom negV'.subj[1] 2-gen 3-dat	Derived	3	2	NP-gen
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	geben	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-dat 3-acc	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Even	Asia	Tungusic	bö-	D 2-nom 3-dat medV'.subj[2]	Derived	2	2	NP-nom V.subj
Even	Asia	Tungusic	bö-	D 1&3-nom 2-acc recV'.subj[1&3]	Derived	3	2	NP-acc
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kure-ru	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	niƛal	B 1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V	Basic	3	3	NP-abs & abs.V	P
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	miinaad	B 1 subjA[1].V.objI[2] 2 (3)	Basic	3	3	∅	I
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	pid	B 1-erg 2-abs 3-abs V.agt[1].obj[3]	Basic	3	2	NP-abs	X
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	ajcú	D 4-nom 1-acc 2-acc 3-all V'tso	Derived	4	3	NP-all
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	ajcú	D 1/2-nom 3-all V'meí	Derived	3	3	NP-all
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	niƛal	D 4-erg 1-instr 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'caus	Derived	4	3	NP-abs & abs.V
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	niƛal	D 1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip	Derived	3	3	NP-instr
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	niƛal	D 1-erg 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V'	Derived	3	3	NP-abs & abs.V
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	niƛal	D 1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot	Derived	3	3	NP-abs & abs.V
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	gefa	D 3-nom passV'.agr[3]	Derived	1	3	NP-nom & V.agr
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	rétta	D 3-nom passV'.agr[3]	Derived	1	3	NP-nom & V.agr
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	gefa	D x-nom passV'.agr[x] (2-dat) 3-acc	Derived	2	3	NP-acc
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	rétta	D x-nom passV'.agr[x] (2-dat) 3-acc	Derived	2	3	NP-acc
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	gefa	D 2-dat passV'.agr[3] 3-nom	Derived	2	3	NP-nom & V.agr
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	rétta	D 2-dat passV'.agr[3] 3-nom	Derived	2	3	NP-nom & V.agr
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	gefa	D 2-dat V' 3-acc	Derived	2	3	NP-acc
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	ataeru	D 3-nom 2-dat passV'	Derived	2	3	NP-nom
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	ataeru	D 2-nom 3-acc passV'	Derived	2	3	NP-acc
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	D 2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	2	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	D 2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	3	2	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	D 5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1	Derived	4	2	Ø
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	D siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > a+3)	Derived	2	2	V.subj
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	yar-u	B 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	ts'a'	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1) LOC3	Derived	3	2	sbj.V
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	yar-u	D 3-nom 2-dat V'pot	Derived	2	3	NP-nom
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	yar-u	D 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V'pot	Derived	3	3	NP-acc
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	kasi	B 1 V 2 3	Basic	3	3	Ø	P
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	ts'a'	D sbj[1/2].V' LOC3	Derived	3	2	sbj.V
Evenki	Asia	Altaic	buu-	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Nǀǀng	Africa	Tuu	aa	B 1 V 2-dat 3	Basic	3	3	Ø	P
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	ts'a'	D sbj[1].V'.obj[2] 2 1	Derived	2	2	V.obj
Sri Lanka Malay	Asia	Austronesian	kaasi	B 1 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	rétta	D 1-nom V'.agr[1] 3-acc til 2-gen	Derived	3	3	NP-acc
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	ajcú	D 1/2-nom (3-all) V'jcatsí	Derived	3	3	NP-all
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	ataeru	D 1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V'pot	Derived	3	3	NP-acc
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	juda	B 1-nom 2-acc 3-dat V	Basic	3	2	NP-acc	P
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	dare	D 1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	Derived	3	2	Ø
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	ʾaʿṭâ	B V.subj[1] 1-nom (li+2) 3-acc	Basic	3	3	NP-acc	P
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	juda	D 1-nom 2-acc 3-acc V'	Derived	3	2	NP-acc
Korean	Asia	Isolate/Koreanic	juda	D 2-nom 3-dat passperV'	Derived	2	2	NP-nom
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	datʹ	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] 3-dat (1-instr)	Derived	3	2	NP-nom & V.subj

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.