frightener

Microroles of
FRIGHTEN

frightener

frightenee

frighten beneficiary

frightening thing/instr.

scare causer

39 Verb forms in 35 Languages (59 Coding frames)

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Language	region	family	Verb form (FRIGHTEN)	Coding frame	derived	arg_count	Index #	Coding set	Argument type
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	nąąǧire hii	D 6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	Derived	3	1	obj:und.V
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	nąąǧire hii	D 1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	Derived	3	1	act.V
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	nąąǧire hii	D 1 2 5 und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	Derived	3	1	act.V
Icelandic	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	hræða	B 1-nom V.agr[1] 2-acc	Basic	2	1	NP-nom & V.agr	A
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	B 1 > V.subj[1] > 2	Basic	2	1	V.subj	A
Sri Lanka Malay	Asia	Austronesian	thakuthking	B 1 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Zenzontepec Chatino	Americas	Otomanguean	nkw-ē-k-utzę	B V 1 jiʔį̄+2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Mandarin Chinese	Asia	Sino-Tibetan	xià(hu)	B 1 > V > 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Sliammon	Americas	Salish	x̣əyp-a-t	B V.obj[1].sbj[2] 1	Basic	2	2	V.sbj	A
Xârâcùù	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	fabata	B 1 > V 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Ainu	Asia	isolate	kimatek-ka	B 1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	2	1	subj.V	A
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	íllívyeebó	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Emai	Africa	Niger-Congo	niaa	B 1 > V > 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	kowagaraseru	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Nen	Southeast Asia & Australia	Morehead	brbr wets	B 1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1]	Basic	2	1	NP-erg & V.act	A
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	frighten	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc	Basic	2	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
English	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	scare	B 1-nom > V.subj[1] > 2-acc	Basic	2	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Balinese	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	nakutin	B 1 V 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Jaminjung	Southeast Asia & Australia	Mirndi	braitenim ganangu	B 1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	2	1	NP-erg subj.V	A
Mandinka	Africa	Mande	sílándi	B 1 > 2 > V	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	ʾaḫāfa	B V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc	Basic	2	1	V.subj NP-nom	A
Modern Standard Arabic	Africa	Semitic	ḫawwafa	B V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc	Basic	2	1	V.subj NP-nom	A
Even	Asia	Tungusic	ŋelu-ken	B 1-nom 2-acc V.subj[1]	Basic	2	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Ket	Asia	Yeniseic	qoraŋ⁷-q⁵-t~a⁰ (S-qodaŋ-q-O-t-pl )	B 1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V	Basic	2	1	subj.V	A
Mapudungun	Americas	Araucanian	trupefülün	B V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1	Basic	2	1	V.subj	A
Yaqui	Americas	Uto-Aztecan	gomta	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Yorùbá	Africa	Niger-Congo	dé̩rùbà	B 1 V 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahbes	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 1	Basic	2	1	sbj.V	A
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahakkuns	B sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 1	Basic	2	1	sbj.V	A
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	nąąǧire hii	D 1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	Derived	2	1	act.V
Hoocąk	Americas	Siouan	nąąǧire hii	B 1 2 und[2].act[1].V	Basic	2	1	act.V	A
Eastern Armenian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	vaχecʰnel	B 1-nom 2-nomdat V.subj[1]	Basic	2	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Even	Asia	Tungusic	ŋelu-ken	D 1&2-nom recV'.subj[1&2]	Derived	2	1	NP-nom V.subj
Even	Asia	Tungusic	ŋelu-ken	D 2-nom 1-dat advV'.subj[2]	Derived	2	1	NP-dat
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	D 2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	2	1	daParteDi+NP
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	erschrecken	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc	Basic	2	1	NP-nom V.subj	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	pugatʹ	B 1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc (3-instr)	Basic	3	1	NP-nom & V.subj	A
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kowagarase-ru	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Ojibwe	Americas	Algonquian	zeghaad	B 1 subjA[1].V.objI[2] 2	Basic	2	1	subjA.V	A
German	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	erschrecken	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] (von+1-dat)	Derived	2	1	von+NP-dat
Chintang	Asia	Tibeto-Burman	kip-mett	B 1-erg 2-abs V.agt[1].obj[2]	Basic	2	1	NP-erg & V.agt	A
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	íllívyeebó	D 4-nom 1-acc 2-all V'tso	Derived	3	1	NP-acc
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	íllívyeebó	D 1/2-nom V'jcatsí	Derived	2	1	NP-nom
Bora	Americas	Witotoan	íllívyeebó	D 1/2-nom V'meí	Derived	2	1	NP-nom
Mitsukaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	({ot/but})tamangeragas-u	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	D 2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	Derived	2	1	daParteDi+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	D 1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2]	Derived	2	1	V.subj
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	D 4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 > a+1	Derived	3	1	a+NP
Italian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Romance	spaventare	D siPassV' (da+1)	Derived	1	1	da+NP
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kowagarase-ru	D 2-nom 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	Derived	2	1	NP-dat/niyotte
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kowagarase-ru	D 4-nom 1-dat 2-acc V'cause	Derived	3	1	NP-dat
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	hič'egolal	B 1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V	Basic	2	1	NP-erg	A
Bezhta	Europe (and Indo-European)	Nakh-Daghestanian	hič'egolal	D 3-erg 1-instr 2-abs abs[2].V'caus	Derived	3	1	NP-instr
Hokkaido Japanese	Asia	Japonic	kowagarase-ru	D 1-nom 2-acc V'pot	Derived	2	1	NP-nom
Jakarta Indonesian	Southeast Asia & Australia	Austronesian	takutin	B 1 V 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahbes	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1)	Derived	2	1	tumen+NP
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahbes	D sbj[1/2].V'	Derived	2	1	sbj.V
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahakkuns	D sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1)	Derived	2	1	tumen+NP
Yucatec Maya	Americas	Maya	sahakkuns	D sbj[1/2].V'	Derived	2	1	sbj.V
Evenki	Asia	Altaic	ŋeele-vken-	B 1-nom 2-acc V	Basic	2	1	NP-nom	A
Nǀǀng	Africa	Tuu	kxʼuu qain	B 1 V 2	Basic	2	1	Ø	A
Russian	Europe (and Indo-European)	Indo-European	pugatʹ	D 2-nom passV'.subj[2] (3-instr)/(1-instr)	Derived	3	1	NP-instr
Japanese (standard)	Asia	Japonic	kowagaraseru	D 1-nom 2-acc V'pot	Derived	2	1	NP-nom

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.