nka-laʔa

Coding frame

V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3)

Complex Verb form

Examples

(121)

Lēʔ nchuʔukāchíʔ jā nu na nkwítzą ntilaʔ kee jā titǭ nkalaʔaūʔ jiʔį̄.

lēʔ

then

n-ch-uʔu-kāchíʔ

HAB-ITRN-be.inside-hidden(.3)

jā

CONJ

NOM

ART

nkwítzą

child

nti-laʔ

HAB-touch

kee

rock

jā

CONJ

titǭ

several

nka-laʔa=ūʔ

CPL.CAUS-get.broken=3PL

jiʔį̄

RN(.3)

‘They (the jugs) get hidden there, because the children grab rocks and they have broken several (of the jugs).’

★

(177)

Nkutyejnā ntiʔe choo kunu suwe ʔne lēʔ nkutyejnā ntulaʔaūʔ jnā keeʔ lōʔ kwitīʔyú.

nku-tyejnā

CPL-begin

nti-ʔe

HAB-go.down

choo

rain

kunu

a.little

suwe

small

ʔne

HAB.do

lēʔ

then

nku-tyejnā

CPL-begin

nt-u-laʔa=ūʔ

HAB-CAUS-get.broken=3PL

jiʔį̄

ART

kee=Vʔ

rock=DEM

lóʔō

RN.with

kwitīʔyú

lightning

‘Then it started to sprinkle a little bit, and they began to break the rock with lightning.’

★

(248)

Nkulaʔa na yaka.

nku-laʔa

CPL-get.broken

ART

yaka

wood

‘The stick broke.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BREAK	Coding set	Argument type
1	breaker	Ø	A
2	broken thing	jiʔį̄+NP	P
3	breaking instrument	lóʔō+NP	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
C Intransitive alternation more info	NNever	y
U Ambitransitive alternation more info	NNever	n
C Causative of active verb more info	NNever	y
C Object/instrument incorporation more info	NNever	y
C Active/inactive alternation more info	NNever	y
U Object omission alternation more info	NNever	n
C Equipollent causative/intransitive alternation more info	NNever	y
C u-Causative alternation more info	NNever	y
C Applicative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

nka-laʔa

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples