Examples of Zenzontepec Chatino
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) tzo&7 sate7 yu nkasa_a!7 sate7 yu Tzǫʔ sateʔyu nkāsāáʔ sateʔyu. tzǫʔ back s-ateʔ=yu POSS-clothes=3SG.M nkā-s-āáʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-tear(.3) s-ateʔ=yu POSS-clothes=3SG.M ‘The back of his clothes, he tore his clothes.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
1 |
(2) na nkwi_tza!& -V! nte-sa_a!7 ji7i_& na chaja -V! Na nkwítząá ntēsāáʔ jnā chajaá. na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ntē-s-āáʔ PRG.CAUS-TRN-tear(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART chaja=V́ tortilla=DEM ‘The child is tearing the tortilla.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
2 |
(3) zaa -a& ja_ ta nte-t-a_a!7 ti_ na nchuluwa ja_ ta nku-la!a_ ti!ni_ Tsaą jā ta ntētāáʔ tī na nchuluwa jā ta nkūláā tínī. tz-aa=ą POT-go.NBASE=1PL.INCL jā CONJ ta already ntē-t-āáʔ PRG-ITRN-tear tī EMPH na ART nchuluwa soursop jā CONJ ta already nkū-láā CPL-get.loose(.3) tī EMPH niī now ‘We are going to go because the soursops are cracking because they already came loose.’ |
★ | TEAR | the Verb form nkā-s-āáʔ | 3 |
(4) na! y-aku-a!&7 suwe -V7 la_ka! Ná yakoǭʔ suweeʔ lāká. ná NEG y-aku=ą̄ʔ CPL-eat=1SG suwe=Vʔ egg=DEM lāká yesterday ‘I did not eat eggs yesterday.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
4 |
(5) jwaa -V! nk-a_=ta_na! -yu y-aku -yu pasti!ya_ Jwāá nkātāná yu yaku yu pastíyā. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM n-kā-tāná=yu CPL-be-poisoned=3SG.M y-aku=yu CPL-eat=3SG.M pastíyā pill ‘Juan got poisoned because he ate pills.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
5 |
(6) nu chu jwaa_ le!e_ kena7a& nkwi-ti!tz_u7 y-aku -yu nku-tu!kwa_ tu7wa -yu Nu chu Jwaā léē kenaʔa nkwītítzūʔ yaku yu nkutúkwā tuʔwa yu. nu NOM chu NOM.HUM jwaā Juan léē very kenaʔa many nkwītítzūʔ pineapple y-aku=yu CPL-eat=3SG.M nku-túkwā CPL-chafe tuʔwa=yu mouth=3SG.M ‘Juan ate too much pineapple and his mouth got raw (chafed).’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
6 |
(7) nt-aku -na ji7i_&. nte-7ne=lya_la! ji7i_& ti_ke! -na Ntaku na jį̄. nt-aku=na HAB-eat=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘We eat it.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
7 |
(8) kii nii_ ch-a!ku na chaja -V! ja_ kena7a ti_ na chaja -V! n-to_=ne_7e! Kii niī cháku na chajaá jā kenaʔa tī na chajaá ntōnēʔé. kii tomorrow niī now ch-áku POT.ITRN-eat na ART chaja=V́ tortilla=DEM jā CONJ kenaʔa many tī EMPH na ART chaja=V́ tortilla=DEM n-tō-nēʔé STAT-TRN.be.inside-gather(.3) ‘Tomorrow those tortillas will be eaten, because there are many of those tortillas piled up.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
8 |
(9) jwa_ -V! na! nka-s-ata& ji7i_& na kwichi_ -V! ja_ ch-a!ku nu_wa! Jwāá ná nkasatą jnā kwichīí jā cháku nūwá. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ná NEG nka-s-atą CPL.CAUS-TRN-peel(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART kwichī=V́ rabbit=DEM jā CONJ ch-áku POT.ITRN-eat nu NOM wá DEM ‘Juan did not skin the rabbit for it to be eaten.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
9 |
(10) Nkyáku na chajlyāaʔ. nk-y-áku CPL-ITRN-eat na ART cha-jlyā=Vʔ tortilla-Castille=DEM ‘The bread got eaten.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
10 |
(11) y-aku chu!7 ku_na!7a -V! ji7i_& cha=jlya_ -V! Yaku chúʔ kūnáʔaá jiʔį̄ chajlyāá. y-aku CPL-eat chúʔ 3SG.F kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN cha-jlyā=V́ tortilla-Castille=DEM ‘The girl ate the bread.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
11 |
(12) Ntesāʔwé nchakuūʔ. nte-s-āʔwé PRG.CAUS-TRN-split.in.half(.3) nch-aku=ūʔ PRG-eat=3PL ‘They are splitting (food) and eating.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
12 |
(13) Ta nkwitiyaa kwēyáʔ kakoǫ. ta already nkwi-tiyaa CPL-arrive.there.NBASE kwēyáʔ time k-aku=ą POT-eat=1PL.INCL ‘The time has arrived that we eat.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
13 |
(14) na nkwi!tza& -V! nte-k-e_=k-aku chaja ji7i_& na jne_7 -V! Na nkwítząá ntekēkaku chaja jiʔį̄ na jnēʔé. na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM nte-k-ē-k-aku PRG-POT-CAUS-POT-eat(.3) chaja tortilla jiʔį̄ RN na ART jnēʔ=V́ dog=DEM ‘The kids are feeding tortillas to the dogs.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
14 |
(15) Nka-tuuʔ chu kíʔyūú. nka-tuuʔ CPL-cough chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The man coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
15 |
(16) Chu kíʔyūuʔ nkaʔne tyátuuʔ nu kūnáʔaaʔ. chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū=Vʔ male=DEM nka-ʔne CPL-do(.3) tyá-tuuʔ POT.begin-cough nu NOM kūnáʔa=Vʔ female=DEM ‘The man made the woman cough.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
16 |
(17) nka_-t-a_ko!&7 ni7 ki!7u_ -V! ji7i_& na nkwi!tza& -V! lo!7o_ na ta_ kitza&7 -V! Nkātākǫ́ʔ niʔ kíʔyūú jiʔį̄ na nkwítząá lóʔō na tā kitząʔá. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART tā-kitząʔ=V́ cloth-hair=DEM ‘The man covered the child with the blanket.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
17 |
(18) nte-ta_ko!&7 koo ji7i_& koo_7 Ntētākǫ́ʔ koo jį̄ koōʔ. ntē-t-ākǫ́ʔ PRG.CAUS-TRN-cover koo cloud jiʔį̄ RN koōʔ moon ‘The cloud is covering the moon.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
18 |
(19) k-u-t-ako_&7 -a& ji7i_& na lita -V! ja_ na! nya7a xi!kwa_& ji7i_& Kutākǫ́ʔǫ jnā litaá jā ná nyaʔa xíkwą̄ jį̄. k-u-t-ākǫ́ʔ=ą POT-CAUS-TRN-cover=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN na ART lita=V́ ear.of.corn=DEM jā CONJ ná NEG nyaʔa POT.see xíkwą̄ sunlight jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘We are going to cover up the corn so that the sun does not see it.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
19 |
(20) nka-t-a_ko!&7 ntoo nku-tyu_kwa! lu-wi7 Nkātākǫ́ʔ ntoo nkutyūkwá luwiʔ. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover(.3) ntoo eye(.3) nku-tyūkwá CPL-go.out(.3) luwiʔ then ‘He closed his eyes and walked out then.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
20 |
(21) Nkātākǫ́ʔų̄ʔ nkwiyūʔ. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover=3PL nkw-ii=ūʔ CPL-want=3PL ‘They planned on closing it off (the place).’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
21 |
(22) nka-t-a_ko!&7 nu nee jo7o_ kya7a_ ke!ku_. nk-y-a_ko!&7=ntoo nu nee jo7o_ kya7a_ ke!ku_ kwenta_ nu nee nk-yaa& nu nee mpanjelisado_r nka_ Nkātākǫ́ʔ nu nee joʔō kyaʔā kékū. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover(.3) nu NOM nee say(.3) joʔō god kyaʔā mountain kékū water.place ‘He closed off the one called the god of nature.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
22 |
(23) nk-y-a_ko!&7 skwela_. na_la! matru_ skwela_ Nkyākǫ́ʔ skwelā. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover skwelā school ‘The school was closed.’ |
★ | CLOSE | the Verb form nka-t-ākǫ́ʔ | 23 |
(24) nk-ya_ko!&7 kitza&7 ke nu kuna_7a!& nu n-ta_a! kwi!ti_ Nkyākǫ́ʔ kitząʔ ke nu kūnáʔa nu ntāá kwítī. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover kitząʔ hair ke head nu NOM kūnáʔa female nu NOM n-tāá HAB-give kwítī medicine ‘The nurse's hair is covered up (with a cloth).’ |
★ | CLOSE | the Verb form nka-t-ākǫ́ʔ | 24 |
(25) nk-y-a_ko!&7 nt-ii ke!tu_ xee&7 -a_&7 Nkyākǫ́ʔ ntii kétū xeęʔę̄ʔ. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover nt-ii HAB-feel kétū hole xeęʔ=ą̄ʔ nose=1SG ‘My nose feels like it got plugged up.’ |
★ | CLOSE | the Verb form nka-t-ākǫ́ʔ | 25 |
(26) Nkyākǫ́ʔ na nkwítząá lóʔō na tā kitząʔá. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART tā-kitząʔ=V́ cloth-hair=DEM ‘The child was covered up with the blanket.’ |
★ | CLOSE | the Verb form nka-t-ākǫ́ʔ | 26 |
(27) nka-7ne-cha!=tza7a& ji7i_& na keto&7 lo!7o_ i!ta_ Nkaʔnechátzaʔą jnā ketǫʔó lóʔō ítyā! nka-ʔne-chá-tzaʔą CPL-do-POT.reach-full(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART ketǫʔ=V́ pot=DEM lóʔō RN.with ítā water ‘Fill the pot with water!’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
27 |
(28) ni7 ki!7yu_ -V! nka_-x-i_ka!&7 ji7i_& na kwayu_ -V! ji7i_& na yaka -V! Niʔ kíʔyūú nkāxīką́ʔ jnā kwayūú jnā yakaá. niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM nkā-x-īką́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-tie(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART kwayū=V́ horse=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART yaka=V́ tree=DEM ‘The man tied the horse to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 lóʔō+4 |
28 |
(29) nk-ya_ka!&7 na kwayu_ -V! ji7i_& na_ yaka -V! Nkyāką́ʔ na kwayūú jnā yakaá. nk-y-āką́ʔ CPL-ITRN-tie na ART kwayū=V́ horse=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART yaka=V́ tree=DEM ‘The horse was tied to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form nkā-x-īką́ʔ | 29 |
(30) le_7 wi7 nii_ le_7 nkwi-tya=yaa_7 ti_ kosa_ nu ki_-ni_jnya! -yu le_7 nka-xi_ka!&7 -yu ti_ ji7i_& na toro_ -V7 ... lēʔ nkāxīką́ʔyu tī jiʔį̄ na torōoʔ. lēʔ then nkā-x-īką́ʔ=yu CPL.CAUS-TRN-tie=3SG.M tī EMPH jiʔį̄ RN na ART torō=Vʔ bull=DEM ‘... and then he tied up the bull.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 lóʔō+4 |
30 |
(31) nka_-x-i_ka!&7-u_7 ji7i_& lo!7o_ ye!so_ Nkāxīką́ʔōʔ jiʔį̄ lóʔō yésō. nkā-x-īką́ʔ=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-tie=3PL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) lóʔō RN.with yésō plaster ‘They bandaged him in plaster.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 lóʔō+4 |
31 |
(32) jwaa_ -V! nka_-x-i_ka!&7 ji7i_& na jne_7 -V! Jwāá nkāxīką́ʔ jiʔį̄ na jnēʔé. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM nkā-x-īką́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-tie(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART jnēʔ=V́ dog=DEM ‘Juan tied up the dog.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 lóʔō+4 |
32 |
(33) wi!la_ ch-aka_&7 ti_ nu wi7. wi!la_ sukwa_ yaka ike ti_ nu wi7 ntikwi7 -a& ya nti-sukwa_ ke Wílā chaką̄ʔ tī nuwęʔ. wílā not.yet ch-aką̄ʔ POT.ITRN-tie tī EMPH nu NOM wiʔ DEM ‘That one still had not been tied up.’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form nkā-x-īką́ʔ | 33 |
(34) tza liya nu ta nku-jwi_ xile ta ntey-aja_ xile nu nch-atzu_7 nya7a le_7 k-u-tu_kwa! -a& i!ta_ ji7i_& Tza liya nu ta nkujwī xile ta ta nteyajā xile nu nchatzūʔ nyaʔa lēʔ kūtūkwáą ítā jiʔį̄. tza one liya time nu NOM ta already nku-jwī CPL-get(.3) xile strength ta already ntey-ajā PRG-get(.3) xile strength nu NOM nch-atzūʔ PRG-rot nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) lēʔ then k-ū-tūkwá=ą POT-CAUS-be.inside=1PL.INCL ítā water jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Once it has gotten strength and is getting stronger and we see it is rotting, then we pour water on it.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
34 |
(35) ka le_7 tyu_kwa! tu!kwa nyate_&. k-u_-tu_kwa! ji7i_& na lu!kwi_ -V7 lo_ nu ta7a Kūtūkwá jnā lúkwīiʔ lō nu taʔa. k-ū-tūkwá POT-CAUS-be.inside(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART lúkwī=Vʔ mezcal=DEM lō when nu NOM taʔa festival ‘They will pour the mezcal during the festival.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
35 |
(36) Tyāʔná ka tī kwaʔą nyaʔa lyakwā nkatūkwáwą wiʔ? tyāʔná unfortunate k-a POT-be tī EMPH kwaʔą 2PL nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) lyakwā why nkā-tūkwá=wą CPL.CAUS-be.inside=2PL wiʔ there ‘Too bad for you guys, why did you plant (corn) there?’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
36 |
(37) nka_-tu_kwa! teje7 ji7i_& na kantu_7 Nkātūkwá tejeʔ jnā kantūuʔ. nkā-tūkwá CPL.CAUS-be.inside(.3) tejeʔ salt jiʔį̄ RN na ART kantū=Vʔ broth=DEM ‘She put salt in the broth.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
37 |
(38) y-aa -a_&7 ya_kwa! lo!7o_ ti jo7o_ tza=tu_7u! -a_&7 i!ta_ ji7i_& maxi naxi!7i ti_ ke na7a& Tzatūʔóǭʔ ítā jiʔį̄ maxi nāxíʔi tī kenaʔa. tz-a-t-ūʔú=ą̄ʔ POT-go.NBASE.CAUS-TRN-be.inside=1SG ítā water jiʔį̄ RN maxi CONJ nāxíʔi not.be tī EMPH kenaʔa many ‘I will pour water on it even if not a lot.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
38 |
(39) Nkātūʔú jwaā ítyā jnā keē. nkā-t-ūʔú CPL.CAUS-TRN-be.inside jwaā Juan ítā water jiʔį̄ RN na ART keē flower ‘Juan poured water on the flowers.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
39 |
(40) nka-_ta_a! na nkwi!tza& ku_na!7a -V! ji7i_& na liwru_ -V! ji7i_& ni7 matru skwela_ -V! Nkātāá na nkwítzą kūnáʔaá jnā liwrūú jnīʔ matrū skwelāá. nkā-tāá CPL-give na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā=V́ school=DEM ‘The girl gave the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
40 |
(41) nka_-te_je!& na nkwi!tza& ku_na!7a -V! ji7i_& na liwru_ -V! ji7i_& ni7 matru_ skwela_ -V! Nkā-tēję́ na nkwítzą kūnáʔaá jnā liwrūú jį̄ niʔ matrū skwelāá. nkā-tēję́ CPL.CAUS-pass na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā=V́ school=DEM ‘The girl sent the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
41 |
(42) na xi!7i ti_ ta tu nii_ tu nte_-te_je!& -ya ji7i_& xaa7 se7e& Nāxíʔi tī ta tu niī tu ntētēję́ya jį̄ xaaʔ seʔę. nāxíʔi not.be tī EMPH ta already tu IRR niī now tu IRR ntē-tēję́=ya PRG.CAUS-pass=1PL.EXCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) xaaʔ other seʔę place ‘It is not as if we are already sending it out to other areas.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
42 |
(43) na! nka-te_je_& na jne_ nu n-tya_kwi_ wi7 ji7i_& -a_&7 Ná nkātēję̄ na jnē nu ntyākwī wiʔ jyą́ʔ. ná NEG nkā-tēję̄ CPL.CAUS-pass.2SG na ART jnē money nu NOM n-tyākwī HAB-owe.2SG wiʔ DEM jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG ‘You did not send me that money you owe me.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
43 |
(44) nka_-te_je!& -wa& nte_ Nkātēję́wą ntē. nkā-tēję́=wą CPL.CAUS-pass=2PL nteē here ‘Send them here.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
44 |
(45) nkwi-tya!na ni7 ki!7yu_ -V! ji7i_& na_ nkwi!tza& ki!7yu_ -V! Nkwītyána niʔ kíʔyūú jnā nkwítzą kíʔyūú. nkwī-tyána CPL-look.for niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The man searched for the child.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
45 |
(46) nkwi_-tya!na -u_7 ji7i_& na nkwi!tza& ki!7yu_ -V7 Nkwītyánaūʔ jnā nkwítzą kíʔyūuʔ. nkwī-tyána=ūʔ CPL-look.for=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=Vʔ male=DEM ‘They (nonspecific) searched for the child.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
46 |
(47) le_7 nk-ya=ta=sa7a& ti_ luwi7 nakwe&. cha=tya!na -a_&7 ji7i_& -yu la7a_ nakwe& "Chātyánaą̄ʔ jyū" laʔā nakwę. chā-tyána=ą̄ʔ POT.go.BASE-look.for=1SG jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M laʔā like.so nakwę say(.3) ‘"I am going to go to look for him", he said.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
47 |
(48) Jā tyánana nyatę̄ nu nu nu kujwi jnūwá nu tyána nyāʔā tula ʔnena jiʔį̄. jā CONJ tyána=na POT.look.for=1PL.INCL nyatę̄ person nu NOM k-u-jwi POT-CAUS-die jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wá DEM nu NOM tyána POT.look.for nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG tula what ʔne=na POT.do=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Let's look for someone who will kill that one (snake) and who will look for, you see, what we are going to do.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
48 |
(49) wi_ nt-ujwi ti_ kwa ji7i_& nuwe&7 lo!7o_ ke_to!& Wī ntujwi tī kwa jnuwę̄ʔ lóʔō kētǫ́. wī and nt-u-jwi HAB-CAUS-die tī EMPH kwaa 1PL.EXCL jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wiʔ DEM lóʔō RN.with kētǫ́ gun ‘We killed those with guns.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
49 |
(50) na kweta kya7a_ -V7 nk-yaa& nkay-ujwi ji7i_& na kwe!na_ -V7 Na kweta kyaʔāaʔ nkyaą nkayujwi jiʔį̄ na kwénāaʔ. na ART kweta outsider kyaʔā=Vʔ mountain=DEM nk-yaą CPL-come.BASE(.3) nkay-u-jwi CPL-CAUS-die(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART kwénā=Vʔ snake=DEM ‘The Mixtec came to kill the snake.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
50 |
(51) nku-jwi ti_ na na kwi_chi! -V7 nakwe& le_7 le_7 tela_ wi7 nku-jwi ti_ na nyate_& -V7 Nkujwi tą̄ na kwīchíiʔ nakwę lēʔ lēʔ telā wiʔ nkujwi tą̄ nyatę̄eʔ. nku-jwi CPL-die tī EMPH na ART na ART kwīchí=Vʔ jaguar=DEM nakwę say(.3) lēʔ then lēʔ then telā night wiʔ DEM nku-jwi CPL-die tī EMPH na ART nyatę̄=Vʔ person=DEM ‘The jaguar died, they say, and then that night the person died.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
51 |
(52) tzaka tzaka nyate_& ja_ nu tzu_7 ntey-aja -u_7. ntey-aja nu chu n-kaa_ wiska_ Nteyaja nu chu nkaā wiskā. ntey-aja PRG-die nu NOM chu NOM.HUM n-kaā CPL-be wiskā churchwarden ‘Those who were churchwardens are dying.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
52 |
(53) nku-jwi ni7 ki!7yu_ -V! Nkujwi niʔ kíʔyūú. nku-jwi CPL-die niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The man died.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
53 |
(54) na kwe!na_ -V! nku-jwi lo!7o_ na ya la!ti_ -V! Na kwénāá nkujwi lóʔō na ya látīí. na ART kwénā=V́ snake=DEM nku-jwi CPL-die lóʔō RN.with na ART ya CLF.wood látī=V́ thin=DEM ‘The snake died by stick.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
54 |
(55) nku-ta=y-u_na! na nkwi!tza& -V7 nakwe& laa7 juti ji7i_& kwenta_ nu k-a_ja! lyo7o Nkutayūná na nkwítząaʔ nakwę laaʔ juti jį̄ kwentā nu kājá lyoʔo. nku-ta-y-ūná CPL-begin-CPL-cry na ART nkwítzą=Vʔ child=DEM nakwę say laaʔ like.so juti father(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) kwentā because.of nu NOM k-ājá POT-get(.3) lyoʔo spouse ‘The girl began to cry because her father told her she was going to get a husband.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
55 |
(56) wala nku-jwi_ ti_ kwa7a& ji7i_& nuwe&7 Wala nku-jwī tī kwaʔą jnuwę̄ʔ? wala where nku-jwī CPL-get tī EMPH kwaʔą 2PL jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wiʔ DEM ‘Where did you get that?’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
56 |
(57) Lóʔō nyáʔaą̄ʔ nkujwīį́ʔ jį̄. lóʔō RN.with nyáʔa=ą̄ʔ mother=1SG nku-jwī=ą̄ʔ CPL-get=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘From my mother I got it.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
57 |
(58) Jā lēʔ nkujwī tī nuwęʔ. jā CONJ lēʔ then nku-jwī CPL-get tī EMPH nu NOM wiʔ DEM ‘So that was gotten.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive alternation |
58 |
(59) nku-jwi_ tza!7 kwe_ya!7 ti_ ni_ ja_ tzaa -a& ti_ ni_ Nkujwī tzáʔ kwēyáʔ tį̄ jā tzaą tiį̄. nku-jwī CPL-get tzáʔ word kwēyáʔ measure tī EMPH niī now jā CONJ tz-aa=ą POT-go.NBASE=1PL.INCL tī EMPH niī now ‘Permission is gotten, so let's go now.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive alternation |
59 |
(60) Nkujwī na liwrūú jnīʔ matrū skwelā. nku-jwī CPL-get na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā school ‘The teacher's book was gotten.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive alternation |
60 |
(61) Wiʔ niī lēʔ nu nkyajā tī nuwęʔ jyū. wiʔ there niī now lēʔ then nu NOM nk-y-ajā CPL-ITRN-get tī EMPH nu NOM wiʔ DEM jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M ‘Then there it was that she found him.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
61 |
(62) Wī nuwęʔ kīlyóūʔ nkwiyūʔ pero ná nkyajā. wī and nu NOM wiʔ DEM k-ī-lyōó=ūʔ POT-ITER-take.out=3NSPEC nkw-ii=ūʔ CPL-want=3NSPEC pero but ná NEG nk-y-ajā CPL-ITRN-get(.3) ‘And it was that one that they wanted to copy, but it didn't appear./Lit: 'And it was that one they wanted to take out again, but it was not found.'’ |
★ | WANT |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
62 |
(63) Yutzę na nkwítzą kíʔyūú jiʔį̄ niʔ kíʔyūú. y-utzę CPL-fear na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The boy feared the man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
63 |
(64) "Kwinyaʔatzoʔōwą" nakwę. kwi-naʔa=tzoʔō=wą IMP-see=well=2PL nakwę say(.3) ‘"Look here!", he said.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3 |
64 |
(65) Komō telā nyaʔa i loxę̄ʔrúʔ wisāʔ nteyutzę na nyatę̄eʔ. komō since telā night nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) i and loxę̄ʔ=rúʔ in.the.woods=more wisāʔ that.is.why ntey-utzę PRG-fear na ART nyatę̄=Vʔ person=DEM ‘As it was nighttime and in the forest, therefore the person was afraid.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
65 |
(66) Nkwēkutzę niʔ kíʔyūú jnā nkwítzą kíʔyūú. nkw-ē-k-utzę CPL-CAUS-POT-fear niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The man frightened the boy.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
66 |
(67) Lyakwā ntekutzę jiʔį́ nakwę niʔ joʔō kwitzaā jiʔį̄ nyáʔa niʔ. lyakwā why nt-e-k-utzę HAB-CAUS-POT-fear(.3) jiʔį́ RN.2SG nakwę say niʔ 3SG.RSP joʔō god kwitzaā sun jiʔį̄ RN nyáʔa mother niʔ 3SG.RSP ‘"Why does it scare you?", the sun asked his mother.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
67 |
(68) Kekataūʔ jnīʔ joʔō i kekutūʔúūʔ sateʔ. k-e-k-ata=ūʔ POT-CAUS-POT-bathe=3PL jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP joʔō sacred i and k-e-k-u-t-ūʔú=ūʔ POT-CAUS-POT-CAUS-TRN-be.inside=3PL s-ateʔ POSS-clothes(.3) ‘They are going to bathe the saint and dress him.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
68 |
(69) Nkwēkata na nkwítzą kūnáʔaá jnā piīʔ kūnáʔaá. nkw-ē-k-ata CPL-CAUS-POT-bathe na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART piīʔ baby kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM ‘The girl washed the baby girl.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
69 |
(70) Nkwēkata jnā piīʔ. nkw-ē-k-ata CPL-CAUS-POT-bathe(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART piīʔ baby ‘She bathed the baby.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
70 |
(71) Kii nī kōóūʔ jnū wá nī kakuna. kii tomorrow nī now k-ōó=ūʔ POT-grind=3PL jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wá DEM nī now k-aku=na POT-eat=1PL.INCL ‘Tomorrow they are going to grind it so that we can eat.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
71 |
(72) Tzalóʔō nāáʔ kichi. Tyūkwáxikǭǫ́ʔ jiʔį̄ tzūʔ lātzá jā kóō. Chāʔą̄ jiʔį̄. Kóō. tz-aa-lóʔō POT-go.NBASE-RN.with nāáʔ 1SG kichi quern tyūkwá-xikǭ=ą̄ʔ POT.sit-arm=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) tzūʔ during lātzá early.morning jā CONJ k-óō POT-grind.2SG chāʔą̄ POT.wash.2SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) k-óō POT-grind.2SG ‘I will take the quern. I'll carry it on my shoulder in the morning because you will grind. You will wash it. You will grind.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
72 |
(73) Kuweri tzoʔō tzoʔō lēʔ kōʔó=ǫ jiʔį̄ tza tasā xīyáʔ=ri. k-uwe=ri POT-get.ground=only tzoʔō well tzoʔō well lēʔ then k-ōʔó=ą POT-drink=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN tza one tasā cup xīyáʔ=ri small=only ‘It gets ground very fine and then one drinks just a small cup.’ |
★ | GRIND | the Verb form nkay-oō | 73 |
(74) Laaʔ laa ntzuʔuntoo tī nāáʔ jiʔį̄ na chiiʔ. laaʔ like.so l-aa STAT-be ntz-uʔu-ntoo STAT-be.inside-face tī EMPH nāáʔ 1SG jiʔį̄ RN na ART chii=Vʔ elder=DEM ‘And so it is that I knew that man.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
74 |
(75) Tala ntāátīʔ jiʔį́. tala always n-tāá-tīʔ HAB-give-living.core jiʔį́ RN.2SG ‘She is always thinking of you.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
75 |
(76) Tala ntāátīʔ. tala always n-tāá-tīʔ HAB-give-living.core ‘He is always thinking.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
76 |
(77) Nkānána nā nkwítząá jnē jnīʔ kíʔyū. nkā-nána CPL.CAUS-ask.for na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM jnē money jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū male ‘The child asked the man for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
77 |
(78) Nkwīnyánaūʔ jnā jnēé jnā kíʔyūú. nkwī-nána=ūʔ CPL-ask.for=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN na ART jnē=V́ money=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘They (nonspec.) asked the man for the money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
78 |
(79) Lēʔ nu tíʔnyo tzúna nyájā nuwęʔ niī nakwę ntyejnā ntūnána tzaka nyatę̄ jiʔį̄. lēʔ then nu NOM tíʔnyo fifteen tzúna three nyájā year nu NOM wiʔ DEM niī now nakwę say(.3) n-tyejnā HAB-begin nt-ū-nána HAB-CAUS-ask.for tzaka one nyatę̄ person jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘At the age of eighteen it was that a person began asking for her (to marry).’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
79 |
(80) Nkwiiya ʔnekwēyáʔya laaʔ laaʔ tī nu jā nt-ū-nána=ūʔ jiʔį̄=ya. nkw-ii=ya CPL-want=1PL.EXCL ʔne-kwēyáʔ=ya POT.do-measure=1PL.EXCL laaʔ like.so laaʔ like.so tī EMPH nu NOM jā CONJ nt-ū-nána=ūʔ HAB-CAUS-ask.for=3PL jiʔį̄=ya RN=1PL.EXCL ‘We wanted to try to do so, because they were asking us for it.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
80 |
(81) Ná tzānánana tī jiʔį̄ nyatę̄. ná NEG tz-a-nána=na POT-go.NBASE.CAUS-ask.for=1PL.INCL tī EMPH jiʔį̄ RN nyatę̄ person ‘We will not ask the people for it (money).’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
81 |
(82) Lēʔ nkānána nāáʔ jnā nkarajwǭoʔ. lēʔ then nkā-nána CPL.CAUS-ask.for nāáʔ 1SG jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkarajwǭ=Vʔ jug=DEM ‘Then I asked for the jugs.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
82 |
(83) Jā tyejnā kīlákwi tī luwiʔ tza lō tī tu kiiʔ ntuʔu. jā CONJ tyejnā POT.begin kī-lákwi POT-boil tī EMPH luwiʔ then tza one lō when tī COND tu IRR kiiʔ fire n-t-uʔu STAT-TRN-be.inside ‘It is going to start boiling then, as if there were fire in it.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
83 |
(84) Tza liya nu nkwityalákwi niī nyāʔā lēʔ lēʔ nchatákwī teę tī luwiʔ. tza one liya time nu NOM nkwi-tya-lákwi CPL-finish-boil(.3) niī now nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG lēʔ then lēʔ then nch-a-tákwī PRG-go.NBASE-be.hanging(.3) teę still tī EMPH luwiʔ then ‘Once it has stopped boiling, you see, it ends up still then.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
84 |
(85) Nkwēkūlákwi. nkw-ē-k-ū-lákwi CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-boil(.3) ‘He boiled it.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
85 |
(86) Nkayūlátuʔwa nā nkwítzą kíʔyūú. nkay-ūlá-tuʔwa CPL-sing-mouth na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The boy sang.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
86 |
(87) Nkayūlátuʔwa nā nkwítząá tzaka jnii. nkay-ūlá-tuʔwa CPL-sing-mouth na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM tzaka one jnii song ‘The child sang a song.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
87 |
(88) Ntonēʔéūʔ nchūláūʔ. n-tō-nēʔé=ūʔ STAT-TRN.be.inside-gather=3PL nch-ūlá=ūʔ PRG-sing=3PL ‘Gathered together, they are singing.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
88 |
(89) Nanēʔ nyájā tzaą kulākiyaʔą tzaą. nanēʔ stomach nyájā year tz-aa=ą POT-go.NBASE=1PL.INCL k-ulā-kiyaʔ=ą POT-sing-foot=1PL.INCL tz-aa=ą POT-go.NBASE=1PL.INCL ‘During the year, one goes to dance, one goes.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Object/instrument incorporation |
89 |
(90) Nkwēkūlákiyaʔ. nkw-ē-k-ūlá-kiyaʔ CPL-CAUS-POT-sing-foot(.3) ‘She got him to dance.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
90 |
(91) Tzáʔ wiʔ niī lēʔ nkaxiti tī jniʔ kūnáʔa na reēʔ. tzáʔ word wiʔ DEM niī now lēʔ then nka-xiti CPL-laugh tī EMPH jniʔ offspring kūnáʔa female na ART reē=Vʔ king=DEM ‘That is why the king's daughter laughed.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
91 |
(92) "Tukwi nu chu kekuxiti jiʔį̄ jniʔ kūnáʔaą̄ʔ" nakwę, "lēʔ yūwíʔ saʔąyu lóʔō" nakwę. tukwi which nu NOM chu NOM.HUM k-e-k-u-xiti POT-CAUS-POT-CAUS-laugh jiʔį̄ RN jniʔ offspring kūnáʔa=ą̄ʔ female=1SG nakwę say(.3) lēʔ then yu=wíʔ 3SG.M=DEM saʔą=yu be.attached=3SG.M lóʔō RN.with(.3) nakwę say(.3) ‘"Whoever makes my daughter laugh", he said, "he will marry her", he said.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
92 |
(93) Nkaxitilóʔō Jwaʔ jiʔį̄. nka-xiti-lóʔō CPL-laugh-RN.with jwaʔ Juan jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Juan laughed at him.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
93 |
(94) La wiʔ yatēyá luwiʔ lēʔ nkāxáʔā nakwę lákwiʔ tzéʔā wá nī jā yākwá ntixaʔa. la as.far.as wiʔ there y-aa-tēyá CPL-go.NBASE-be.standing luwiʔ then lēʔ then nkā-xáʔā CPL-scream(.3) nakwę say(.3) lákwiʔ self tzéʔā exactly wá DEM nī now jā CONJ yākwá there nti-xaʔa HAB-scream(.3) ‘She went to stand there then, and then she screamed, they say, it is right there itself where she screamed.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
94 |
(95) Ntyáxáʔā saaʔ choō jlyū tuʔwari nyaʔa tza laaʔ wiʔ nkā. n-tyá-xáʔā HAB-begin-scream saaʔ parrot choō friend jlyū large tuʔwa=ri mouth=only nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) tza one laaʔ like.so wiʔ there nkā before ‘The parrots would begin to cry, friend, and thick they looked when gathered together there before (when they lifted off to fly).’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
95 |
(96) Wī chu lyāʔ jnyá ntixaʔakāʔáūʔ jnā. wī and chu NOM.HUM lyāʔ use jnyá work nti-xaʔa=kāʔá=ūʔ HAB-scream=also=3PL jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL ‘And the authorities call on us also.’ |
★ | SCREAM | the Verb form nk-xáʔā | 96 |
(97) Kixaʔaą̄ʔ jyū chaąyu tya nteē nakwę jā kunayu. ki-xaʔa=ą̄ʔ POT-scream=1SG jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M chaą=yu POT.come.BASE=3SG.M tya towards nteē here nakwę say(.3) jā CONJ k-una=yu POT-hear=3SG.M ‘I am going to call him so that he comes here and listens.’ |
★ | SCREAM | the Verb form nk-xáʔā | 97 |
(98) Nkāxáʔālóʔō niʔ kíʔyūú jnā nkwítzą kūnáʔaá. nkā-xáʔā-lóʔō CPL-scream-RN.with niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM ‘The man screamed at the girl.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
98 |
(99) Nāxíʔi tī loō kijyana tī saʔne. nāxíʔi not.be tī EMPH loō like.so ki-jya=na POT-play=1PL.INCL tī EMPH saʔne long.ago ‘It is not the case that we played that way long ago.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
99 |
(100) Jā xī kāchíʔ tyeʔę lēʔ ná kiʔniūʔ kee jiʔį̄ nu jā na nkwítzą ntijya. jā CONJ xī NOM.LOC kāchíʔ hidden tyeʔę POT.be.at(.3) lēʔ then ná NEG ki-ʔni=ūʔ POT-beat=3PL kee rock jiʔį̄ RN(.3) nu NOM jā CONJ na ART nkwítzą child nti-jya HAB-play(.3) ‘Where it is hidden it will be, then they will not throw rocks at it, because children play.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
100 |
(101) Kijyaą lóʔōyu nyaʔa walari tzatákwēę. ki-jya=ą POT-play=1PL.INCL lóʔō=yu RN.with=3SG.M nyaʔa POT.see wala=ri where=only tz-a-tákwī=ą POT-go.NBASE-be.hanging=1PL.INCL ‘We are going to mess with him and see where we end up.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
101 |
(102) Tzakāʔá nyāʔą̄ nchuwetīʔ. tzaka one kāʔá again nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG nch-uwe-tīʔ PRG-get.ground-living.core(.3) ‘The other one, you see, he is sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
102 |
(103) Nkajnyā chu kíʔyūú jnā niʔií lóʔō lítúu. nka-jnyā CPL.CAUS-make chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART niʔi=V́ house=DEM lóʔō RN.with lítúu adobe ‘The man built the house with adobe.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
103 |
(104) Nkyāáʔ na niʔií lóʔō kiī. nk-yāáʔ CPL-be.made na ART niʔi=V́ house=DEM lóʔō RN.with kiī grass ‘The house was built with grass.’ |
★ | BUILD | the Verb form nka-jnyā | 104 |
(105) Nu liwrū kujnyāyu jiʔį̄ kitzę nu laa nkyuʔu laaʔ saʔne jiʔį̄ to neʔe jiʔį̄ to laa. nu NOM liwrū book k-u-jnyā=yu POT-CAUS-make=3SG.M jiʔį̄ RN kitzę village nu NOM l-aa STAT-be nk-y-uʔu CPL-ITRN-be.inside laaʔ like.so saʔne long.ago jiʔį̄ RN to mouth neʔe house jiʔį̄ RN to mouth laa church ‘The book he is going to make for the village is like the one there was long before in the house of the church.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
105 |
(106) Tzáʔ jlyā nkajnyā jį̄. Tatīyá tī ų́ʔwá tzáʔ jlyā nkajnyāúʔ jų́ʔ. tzáʔ word jlyā Castille nka-jnyā CPL.CAUS-make(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) tatīyá every tī EMPH ų́ʔ 3PL wá DEM tzáʔ word jlyā Castille nka-jnyā=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-make=3PL jiʔį̄=ūʔ RN=3PL ‘He made himself mestizo (non-Chatino). They all turned mestizo.’ |
★ | BUILD | the Verb form nka-jnyā | 106 |
(107) Ntejnyā niʔ kūnáʔa nu kaku. nte-jnyā PRG-make niʔ 3SG.RSP kūnáʔa female nu NOM k-aku POT-eat(.3) ‘The woman was making what he was going to eat.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
107 |
(108) "Kujnyá tzaka ya rawū" nakwę. k-u-jnyá POT-CAUS-make.2SG tzaka one ya CLF.wood rawū plough nakwę say(.3) ‘"You are going to make a plow", he said.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
108 |
(109) Lóʔō maxtyī jyą́ʔ nka-jnyāą́ʔ jį̄. lóʔō RN.with maxtyī machete jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG nka-jnyā=ą̄ʔ CPL.CAUS-make=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘I did/made it with my machete.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
109 |
(110) La niī nyaʔayu nakwę chuʔuntooyu jiʔį̄ nyatę̄ tāká ntē nakwę. la as.far.as niī now nyaʔa=yu POT.see=3SG.M nakwę say(.3) ch-uʔu-ntoo=yu POT.ITRN-be.inside-face=3SG.M jiʔį̄ RN nyatę̄ person tāká ADJ.be nteē here nakwę say(.3) ‘"Now he will see", he said, "he will meet the people that live here", he said.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
110 |
(111) Kwitūsúʔwą kwítī kixę̄ʔ tatīyá nu nchuʔuntoo lákwiʔwą. kwi-tūsúʔ=wą IMP-grab=2PL kwítī medicine kixę̄ʔ herb tatīyá every nu NOM n-ch-uʔu-ntoo HAB-ITRN-be.inside-face lákwiʔ=wą self=2PL ‘Grab herbal medicine, everything you know yourselves.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
111 |
(112) Nāxíʔi tu tijyuʔ tākáą nteēri tāká nkwítzą ntujwiʔ jį̄. nāxíʔi not.be tu IRR tijyuʔ far tāká=ą ADJ.be=1PL.INCL nteē=ri here=only tāká ADJ.be nkwítzą child nt-ujwiʔ HAB-sell jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘We don't live far, right here lives a kid who sells them.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
112 |
(113) Wī tī nuwęʔ wī chiīʔ wala=rā nk-ā=tāká wiʔ? wī and tī EMPH nu NOM wiʔ DEM wī and chiīʔ young.one wala=rā where=now nk-ā-tāká CPL-be-ADJ.be(.3) wiʔ DEM ‘And him, young one, where did he live?’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
113 |
(114) Luwiʔ nkātāká nāáʔ ta tāká nyatę̄ ntē luwiʔ. luwiʔ then nk-ā-tāká CPL-be-ADJ.be nāáʔ 1SG ta already tāká ADJ.be nyatę̄ person nteē here luwiʔ then ‘At that time I was born. There were already people here at that time.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
114 |
(115) Ntujnyāya jaʔwa nchuʔu lita. nt-u-jnyā=ya HAB-CAUS-make=1PL.EXCL jaʔwa granary n-ch-uʔu HAB-ITRN-be.inside lita ear.of.corn ‘We built granaries where the ears of corn were put.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
115 |
(116) Ch-uʔu ntzukwāʔ jiʔį̄ jwaā=V́ la kii. ch-uʔu POT.ITRN-be.inside ntzukwāʔ maize jiʔį̄ RN jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM la as.far.as kii tomorrow ‘Tomorrow Juan's corn will be planted.’ |
★ | POUR | the Verb form nkā-t-ūʔú | 116 |
(117) Nkārá na nkwítząá jnā kwénāá lóʔō na ya látīí. nkā-rá CPL-hit na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART kwénā=V́ snake=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART ya CLF.wood látī=V́ thin=DEM ‘The boy hit the snake with the stick.’ |
★ | HIT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
117 |
(118) Ntekēkutzę xāláą̄ʔ jyą́ʔ nu ntēráyakaūʔ jyą́ʔ. nte-k-ē-k-utzę PRG-POT-CAUS-POT-fear x-ālá=ą̄ʔ POSS-dream=1SG jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG nu NOM ntē-rá-yaka=ūʔ PRG-hit-wood=3PL jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG ‘My dreams about people hitting me with a stick are frightening me.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
118 |
(119) Na nkwítząá yalaʔ jnā kwénāá lóʔō na ya látīí. na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM y-alaʔ CPL-touch jiʔį̄ RN na ART kwénā=V́ snake=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART ya CLF.wood látī=V́ thin=DEM ‘The child touched the snake with the stick.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
119 |
(120) Ntāáūʔ ītzáʔ ntunaą maxi ná nkānaʔaą̄ʔ jį̄ ná yujweę̄ʔ jiʔį̄ ná yalaʔą̄ʔ jį̄. n-tāá=ūʔ HAB-give=3PL ītzáʔ word nt-una=ą HAB-hear=1PL.INCL maxi CONJ ná NEG nkā-naʔa=ą̄ʔ CPL-see=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ná NEG y-u-jwi=ą̄ʔ CPL-CAUS-die=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ná NEG y-alaʔ=ą̄ʔ CPL-touch=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘They talk about it and we listen, but I never saw it, I never killed it, I never touched it.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
120 |
(121) Lēʔ nchuʔukāchíʔ jā nu na nkwítzą ntilaʔ kee jā titǭ nkalaʔaūʔ jiʔį̄. lēʔ then n-ch-uʔu-kāchíʔ HAB-ITRN-be.inside-hidden(.3) jā CONJ nu NOM na ART nkwítzą child nti-laʔ HAB-touch kee rock jā CONJ titǭ several nka-laʔa=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-get.broken=3PL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘They (the jugs) get hidden there, because the children grab rocks and they have broken several (of the jugs).’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
121 |
(122) Lalaʔ xikǭchúʔ. l-alaʔ STAT-touch(.3) xikǭ=chūʔ arm=3SG.F ‘He is holding her arm.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
122 |
(123) Nkāxūʔú na nkwítząá jnā chajlyāá lóʔō kuchilū. nkā-xūʔú CPL.CAUS-get.cut na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART cha-jlyā=V́ tortilla-Castille=DEM lóʔō RN.with kuchilū knife ‘The child cut the bread with the knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
123 |
(124) Nkūxūʔú na cha-jlyāá lóʔō na kuchilūú. nkū-xūʔú CPL-get.cut na ART cha-jlyā=V́ tortilla-Castille=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART kuchilū=V́ knife=DEM ‘The bread was cut with the knife.’ |
★ | CUT | the Verb form nkā-xūʔú | 124 |
(125) Ta nkāxūʔúūʔ jnā ya nkítā tī niī. ta already nkā-xūʔú=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-get.cut=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN na ART ya CLF.wood nkítā elephant.ear tī EMPH niī now ‘They have cut the elephant's ear tree now.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
125 |
(126) Ntūxūʔúya kixę̄ʔ wī ntūtūkwáya ntzukwāʔ. nt-ū-xūʔú=ya HAB-CAUS-get.cut=1PL.EXCL kixę̄ʔ herb wī and nt-ū-tūkwá=ya HAB-CAUS-be.inside=1PL.EXCL ntzukwāʔ maize ‘We used to cut the weeds and we would plant the corn.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
126 |
(127) Nkūxūʔú nu kíʔyū lóʔō ximaxtyī. nkū-xūʔú CPL-get.cut nu NOM kíʔyū male lóʔō RN.with xi-maxtyī POSS-machete ‘The man cut himself with his machete (by accident).’ |
★ | CUT | the Verb form nkā-xūʔú | 127 |
(128) Nkūxūʔú túkwa seʔę yaāʔ. nkū-xūʔú CPL-get.cut túkwa two seʔę place yaāʔ hand(.3) ‘He got cut in two places on his hand.’ |
★ | CUT | the Verb form nkā-xūʔú | 128 |
(129) Jwāá ntēxūʔú yane na kwetuú jā kākéʔ. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ntē-xūʔú PRG.CAUS-get.cut yane neck na ART kwetu=V́ chicken=DEM jā CONJ k-ākéʔ POT-get.cooked ‘Juan is cutting the chicken's neck so that it can be cooked.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
129 |
(130) "Nkāyūkéʔ tīké ntē nī" nakwęūʔ jį̄ nyáʔaūʔ "jā kakuna." nkāy-ū-kéʔ CPL-CAUS-get.cooked tīké liver ntē DEM nī now nakwę=ūʔ say=3PL jiʔį̄ RN nyáʔa=ūʔ mother=3PL jā CONJ k-aku=na POT-eat=1PL.INCL ‘"Cook this liver", they told their mother, "so that we may eat."’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
130 |
(131) Ntikwiʔtzáʔ ų́ʔwá jnā yuu nu nkāláą̄ wá. nti-kwiʔ-tzáʔ HAB-speak-word ų́ʔ 3PL wá DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART yuu earth nu NOM nkā-láā=ą CPL.CAUS-get.loose=1PL.INCL wá DEM ‘They are reclaiming the land that we took (from them).’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
131 |
(132) Kulaą̄ʔ jiʔį̄=yu. k-u-laa=ą̄ʔ POT-CAUS-get.loose=1SG jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M ‘I will take (her) from him.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
132 |
(133) Nuwęʔ ntulaa jnyáūʔ laʔā nikwę. nu NOM wiʔ DEM nt-u-laa HAB-CAUS-get.loose jnyá=ūʔ work=3PL laʔā like.so nikwę POT.say(.3) ‘This one takes away their job we say.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
133 |
(134) Jwāá ná jaʔą̄ kusatą lita. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ná NEG jaʔą̄ want k-u-s-atą POT-CAUS-TRN-peel lita ear.of.corn ‘Juan does not want to shuck the corn.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
134 |
(135) Nkasuʔū na nkwítząá tzaka lakaʔ nkyánā jyą́ʔ. nka-suʔū CPL.CAUS-show na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM tzaka one lakaʔ leaf nk-yánā CPL-wilt jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG ‘The child showed me a wilted leaf.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
135 |
(136) Nkasuʔūúʔ jnā liwrūú jnīʔ matrū skwelā. nka-suʔū=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-show=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā school ‘The book was shown to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
136 |
(137) Ntusuʔū jiʔį̄ xītzáʔ itzǫʔ tyā. nt-u-suʔū HAB-CAUS-show(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) x-ītzáʔ POSS-word itzǫʔ back tyáā water ‘She teaches him English.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
137 |
(138) Nāáʔ kusuʔōǫ́ʔ táā jiʔį́. nāáʔ 1SG k-u-suʔū=ą̄ʔ POT-CAUS-show=1SG táą̄ valley jiʔį́ RN.2SG ‘I will teach you Zapotec.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
138 |
(139) Kusuʔōǫ́ʔ jnā nkwítzą kūnáʔa jnīʔ kíʔyōǫ́ʔ. k-u-suʔū=ą̄ʔ POT-CAUS-show=1SG jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa female jiʔį̄ RN jniʔ offspring kíʔyū=ą̄ʔ male=1SG ‘I will show the girls to my son.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
139 |
(140) "Jā na kūʔwíí nkaʔne lō jiʔį́" nakwę lēʔ nkānēʔéūʔ jnuwę̄ʔ naneʔē. jā CONJ na ART kūʔwí=V́ drunk=DEM nka-ʔne CPL-do loō like.so jiʔį́ RN.2SG nakwę say(.3) lēʔ then nkā-nēʔé=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-throw=3PL jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wiʔ DEM nanēʔ stomach ‘"That drunk there did this to you", he said, and they threw him in the jail.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
140 |
(141) Tzanēʔéjnáʔą̄ʔ jį́ nto kiiʔ nyāʔā chu xīyáʔri tikwą ntikwiʔjnyáʔā jyą́ʔ nakwę niʔ kwetāʔaʔ jnā kweeʔeʔ. tz-a-nēʔé=jnáʔ=ą̄ʔ POT-go.NBASE-throw=blast=1SG jiʔį́ RN.2SG ntoo face kiiʔ fire nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG chu NOM.HUM xīyáʔ=ri small=only tikwą ugly nti-kwiʔ-jnyáʔā HAB-speak-bad jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG nakwę say niʔ 3SG.RSP kwetāʔ=Vʔ fox=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART kweeʔ=Vʔ crab=DEM ‘"I am going to throw you in the fire, you'll see, you little one, because you insult me", said the fox to the crab.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3 |
141 |
(142) Laaʔ tī tu walari kukwą̄ kee kūnēʔé jį̄. laaʔ like.so tī COND tu IRR wala=ri where=only k-ukwą̄ POT-grab kee rock k-ū-nēʔé POT-CAUS-throw jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘They can grab rocks and throw them wherever.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
142 |
(143) Nkātēję́ na nkwítząá jnā keé tya nto bentanāá. nkā-tēję́ CPL.CAUS-pass na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART kee=V́ rock=DEM tya towards ntoo face bentanā=V́ window=DEM ‘The child threw the rock through the window.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
143 |
(144) Naʔā nchuwintoo jwaā jā tiʔi ntooyu. naʔā not.anymore n-ch-uwi-ntoo HAB-ITRN-flash-eye jwaā Juan jā CONJ tiʔi in.pain ntoo=yu eye=3SG.M ‘Juan does not blink anymore because his eye hurts.’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
144 |
(145) Nkūtúʔujná na nkwítząá nto yuú. nkū-túʔu-jná CPL-leave-flee na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ntoo face yuu=V́ earth=DEM ‘The boy ran on the ground.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
145 |
(146) Nkwēkūtúʔujná jiʔį̄ na nkwítzą=V́. nkw-ē-k-ū-túʔu-jná CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-leave-flee(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ‘He made the child run.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
146 |
(147) Nchaa ntētúʔujná nkuxę nchaa. nch-aa PRG-go.NBASE ntē-túʔu-jná PRG-leave-flee nkuxę late nch-aa PRG-go.NBASE ‘He went running because he went late.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
147 |
(148) Ná ʔnē tī laaʔ nu tyōǭ chuʔuxīīʔ tī yaka wala ntoǫ mītą́ʔ. ná NEG ʔnē do.2SG tī EMPH laaʔ like.so nu NOM tyōǭ POT.be.standing ch-uʔu-xīīʔ POT.ITRN-be.inside-side.2SG tī EMPH yaka wood wala where n-toǫ STAT-be.standing mītą́ʔ house.post ‘Do not do that, that standing there and hugging the logs where the support posts are.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
148 |
(149) Tzoʔō k-a ch-uʔu-xiiʔ=ą̄ʔ jiʔį̄ nt-ii=ą̄ʔ. tzoʔō good k-a POT-be ch-uʔu-xiiʔ=ą̄ʔ POT.ITRN-be.inside-side=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) nt-ii=ą̄ʔ HAB-feel=1SG ‘I think it would be good to hug her.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
149 |
(150) Nchuʔuxiiʔ jį̄chúʔ ntaku tuʔwachūʔ. n-ch-uʔu-xiiʔ HAB-ITRN-be.inside-side jiʔį̄=chūʔ RN=3SG.F nt-aku HAB-eat(.3) tuʔwa=chūʔ mouth=3SG.F ‘He hugs her and kisses her lips.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
150 |
(151) Ntūrūkwáxiiʔ jį̄chúʔ. nt-ū-tūkwá-xiiʔ HAB-CAUS-be.inside-side(.3) jiʔį̄=chūʔ RN=3SG.F ‘He hugs her.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
151 |
(152) Lyakwā nijyąlasaʔąūʔ jyą́ʔ? lyakwā why nijyą-la-saʔą=ūʔ come.NBASE-ADJ-be.attached=3PL jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG ‘Why are they following me?’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
152 |
(153) Jwaā yanāʔā jnā wurū tī ná nteyatiʔ. jwaā Juan y-a-nāʔā CPL-go.NBASE-see.2SG jiʔį̄ RN na ART wurū donkey tī COND ná NEG nte-y-atiʔ PRG-ITRN-untie ‘Juan! Go and look at the donkey to see that it is not coming untied.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
153 |
(154) Jwāá ná yatoǫtīʔ jnā lúkwīí nu nkātáą̄ʔ jiʔį̄yu. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ná NEG y-a-toǫ-tīʔ CPL-go.NBASE-be.standing-living.core(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART lúkwī=V́ mezcal=DEM nu NOM nkā-tāá=ą̄ʔ CPL-give=1SG jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M ‘Juan did not like the mezcal I gave him.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
154 |
(155) Ná nchatoǫtīʔyu jā tikwą ntikwiʔ nyatę̄ jiʔį̄yu xī nchakā jūntáá. ná NEG nch-a-toǫ-tīʔ=yu PRG-go.NBASE-be.standing-living.core=3SG.M jā CONJ tikwą ugly nti-kwiʔ HAB-speak nyatę̄ person jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M xī NOM.LOC nch-akā PRG-be jūntá=V́ meeting=DEM ‘He does not like it because the people were talking bad to him where they were having the meeting.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
155 |
(156) Yatutīʔ jnū ntzeę tunu. y-a-toǫ-tīʔ CPL-go.NBASE-be.standing-living.core(.3) jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM ntzeę citrus tunu great ‘She liked the oranges.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
156 |
(157) Ná nīkwę̄ tu nāáʔ ntákwēę̄ʔ kyaʔa jā jiʔį́ tyaʔą-la-saʔą tza liya nu tāá. ná NEG nīkwę̄ POT.say.2SG tu IRR nāáʔ 1SG n-tákwī=ą̄ʔ STAT-be.hanging=1SG kyaʔa guilt jā CONJ jiʔį́ RN.2SG tyaʔą-la-saʔą POT.go.around-ADJ-be.attached(.3) tza one liya time nu NOM tāá POT.give(.3) ‘Don't say that it is my fault if he goes after you once he gives it to you.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3 |
157 |
(158) Tyā-tyūkwá=ą jiʔį̄=yu jā tyāʔná=yu. tyā-tyūkwá=ą POT.finish-go.out=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M jā CONJ tyāʔná=yu unfortunate=3SG.M ‘We will accompany him because he is humble.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
158 |
(159) Jā nu nu tyātyūkwá tī na chii laʔā tī nu tza jnyāʔá lēʔ nu joʔō laa nī nakwę. jā CONJ nu NOM nu NOM tyā-tyūkwá POT.finish-go.out(.3) tī EMPH na ART chii elder laʔā like.so tī EMPH nu NOM tza word jnyāʔá true lēʔ then nu NOM joʔō sacred l-aa STAT-be nī now nakwę say(.3) ‘That this elder helps us if it is true that he is a saint, he said.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
159 |
(160) Ntetyātyūkwáūʔ jiʔį̄ līʔyáūʔ jiʔį̄ nchākitza. nte-tyā-tyūkwá=ūʔ PRG-finish-go.out=3PL jiʔį̄ RN l-īʔyá=ūʔ STAT-transport=3PL jiʔį̄ RN nch-ā-kitza PRG-be-sick ‘They are accompanying and carrying the one who is sick.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
160 |
(161) Tī tu tyātyūkwā jyą́ʔ nyāʔā kisoǭʔ jį́. tī COND tu IRR tyā-tyūkwā POT.finish-go.out.2SG jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG nyāʔā POT.see.2SG k-isu=ą̄ʔ POT-pay=1SG jiʔį́ RN.2SG ‘If you help me, I will pay you.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
161 |
(162) Jā n-tzaʔą=yu ná tzoʔō ntz-uʔu tza rúʔ nte-tāką́ʔ=yu lō tī tu nch-ā-kitza túkwi rúʔ kitza nte-ʔne. jā CONJ n-tzaʔą=yu STAT-be.attached=3SG.M ná NEG tzoʔō good ntz-uʔu STAT-be.inside tza one rúʔ more nte-tāką́ʔ=yu PRG-experience=3SG.M loō like.so tī COND tu IRR nch-ā-kitza PRG-be-sick(.3) túkwi which rúʔ more kitza illness nte-ʔne PRG-do(.3) ‘Because his animal spirit is not well that is why this is happening to him, if he is sick with whatever illness.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
162 |
(163) Nchuwetīʔ nchākitza. nch-uwe-tīʔ PRG-get.ground-living.core(.3) nch-ā-kitza PRG-be-sick(.3) ‘He is sad, and he is getting sick.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
163 |
(164) "Tzaana" nakwęūʔ. tz-aa=na POT-go.NBASE=1PL.INCL nakwę=ūʔ say=3PL ‘"Let's go", they said.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
164 |
(165) Ná ntyōtíʔya wala ntētúʔu tejeʔ nu ntakuya nī. ná NEG n-tyō-tīʔ=ya HAB-?-living.core=1PL.EXCL wala where ntē-túʔu PRG-leave tejeʔ salt nu NOM nt-aku=ya HAB-eat=1PL.EXCL nī now ‘We don't know where the salt we eat now comes from.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
165 |
(166) Tyúʔu na kiiʔí jnā ketǫʔó jā ta nkūkéʔ na súkwā. tyúʔu POT.leave na ART kiiʔ=V́ fire=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART ketǫʔ=V́ pot=DEM jā CONJ ta already nkū-kéʔ CPL-get.cooked na ART súkwā food ‘The fire is going to be taken from the pot because the food is done cooking.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
166 |
(167) Kutza nkaʔne jyą́ʔ nkū-túʔu lyātá ná tula ʔne=ą̄ʔ chaa=ą̄ʔ jā k-aja=ą̄ʔ xī tāká=ą̄ʔ. kutza difficult nka-ʔne CPL-do jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG nkū-túʔu CPL-leave lyātá ditch ná NEG tula what ʔne=ą̄ʔ POT.do=1SG chaa=ą̄ʔ POT.go.BASE=1SG jā CONJ k-aja=ą̄ʔ POT-die=1SG xī NOM.LOC tāká=ą̄ʔ ADJ.be=1SG ‘It was difficult for me to make my ditch (for the ditch to come out), but there is nothing for me to do. I better just go, so I may die in my own land (where I live).’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
167 |
(168) Tiʔi tīkéą̄ʔ. tiʔi in.pain tīké=ą̄ʔ chest=1SG ‘My heart hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
168 |
(169) Tiʔi tatīyá tzáą̄ lō nu nchatasaʔąą̄ʔ. tiʔi in.pain tatīyá every tzáą̄ day lō when nu NOM n-chata-saʔą=ą̄ʔ HAB-get.up-be.attached=1SG ‘I'm in pain every day when I get up.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
169 |
(170) Tiʔi tzaka lari sukwaʔ keę̄ʔ. tiʔi in.pain tzaka one la=ri as.far.as=only sukwaʔ shell ke=ą̄ʔ head=1SG ‘My whole head hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
170 |
(171) Tiʔi nanēʔą́ʔ lō nu ntyayakoǭʔ chaja. tiʔi in.pain nanēʔ=ą̄ʔ stomach=1SG lō when nu NOM n-tya-y-aku=ą̄ʔ HAB-finish-CPL-eat=1SG chaja tortilla ‘My stomach hurts after I eat.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
171 |
(172) Léē tiʔi nanēʔą́ʔ lō nu nchuteʔą̄ʔ. léē very tiʔi in.pain nanēʔ=ą̄ʔ stomach=1SG lō when nu NOM n-ch-uteʔ=ą̄ʔ HAB-ITRN-be.hungry=1SG ‘My stomach hurts a lot when I am hungry.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
172 |
(173) Lō nu ntiʔyā tiʔēę́ʔ tiʔi ntii tīkéę̄ʔ. lō when nu NOM nt-iʔyā HAB-transport tiʔī=ą̄ʔ breath=1SG tiʔi in.pain nt-ii HAB-feel tīké=ą̄ʔ chest=1SG ‘When I breathe, my chest hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
173 |
(174) Tala nchuteʔyu nkutiyaąyu. tala for.sure n-ch-uteʔ=yu HAB-ITRN-be.hungry=3SG.M nku-tiyaą=yu CPL-arrive.here.NBASE=3SG.M ‘He was already hungry when he arrived.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
174 |
(175) Yalasaʔą kíʔyūú jį̄ kūnáʔa=V́. y-a-la-saʔą CPL-go.NBASE-ADJ-be.attached kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM ‘The man followed the woman.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
175 |
(176) Nkwityātyūkwá niʔ kíʔyūú jį̄ chúʔ kūnáʔaá. nkwi-tyā-tyūkwá CPL-finish-go.out niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN chúʔ 3SG.F kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM ‘The man helped the woman.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
176 |
(177) Nkutyejnā ntiʔe choo kunu suwe ʔne lēʔ nkutyejnā ntulaʔaūʔ jnā keeʔ lōʔ kwitīʔyú. nku-tyejnā CPL-begin nti-ʔe HAB-go.down choo rain kunu a.little suwe small ʔne HAB.do lēʔ then nku-tyejnā CPL-begin nt-u-laʔa=ūʔ HAB-CAUS-get.broken=3PL jiʔį̄ RN na ART kee=Vʔ rock=DEM lóʔō RN.with kwitīʔyú lightning ‘Then it started to sprinkle a little bit, and they began to break the rock with lightning.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
177 |
(178) Choo keʔekāʔá nyaʔana. choo rain k-eʔe=kāʔá POT-go.down=again nyaʔa=na HAB.see=1PL.INCL ‘It looks like it is going to rain again.’ |
★ | RAIN | the Verb form nkw-eʔe (choo) | 178 |
(179) Nkūkúti na yuú jā léē léē nkwiʔe choo. nkū-kúti CPL-soften na ART yuu=V́ earth=DEM jā CONJ léē very léē strong nkwi-ʔe CPL-go.down choo rain ‘The earth became soft because it rained very hard.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V |
179 |
(180) Lēʔ lóʔō na yaka nu ntuʔu yaāʔ ntekutzęyu jnā lyūkēʔę́ ntyákwikāʔá nu wiʔ. lēʔ then lóʔō RN.with na ART yaka wood nu NOM n-t-uʔu STAT-TRN-be.inside yaāʔ hand(.3) nt-e-k-utzę=yu HAB-CAUS-POT-fear=3SG.M jiʔį̄ RN na ART lyūkēʔę́ fly n-tyákwi=kāʔá HAB-fly=also nu NOM wiʔ DEM ‘Then, with the stick that he had in his hand, he was scaring the flies that flew also, that one.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
180 |
(181) Nkaʔneūʔ katiʔi xikǭ. nka-ʔne=ūʔ CPL-do=3PL k-a-tiʔi POT-be-in.pain xikǭ arm(.3) ‘They made his arm hurt.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
181 |
(182) Nkwēsaʔą chu kíʔyūú nto yuú. nkw-ē-saʔą CPL-AUX.down-be.attached chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ntoo face yuu=V́ earth=DEM ‘The man sat down on the ground.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
182 |
(183) Nkwētyukwā chu kíʔyūú. nkw-ē-tyukwā CPL-AUX.down-be.sitting chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM ‘The man sat down.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
183 |
(184) Nkwētyukwā nto písūú. nkw-ē-tyukwā CPL-AUX.down-be.sitting ntoo face písū=V́ floor=DEM ‘He sat down on the floor.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
184 |
(185) Ntē kesaʔąya tāáya kwentū. nteē here k-e-saʔą=ya POT-AUX.down-be.attached=1PL.EXCL tāá=ya POT.give=1PL.EXCL kwentū story ‘Here we will sit, and we are going to give a story.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
185 |
(186) Ntákwī nchaaūʔ wiʔ nī lēʔ nu nkwētyūkwá nu ntikwiʔya chíjyą̄ʔ. n-tákwī STAT-be.hanging nch-aa=ūʔ PRG-go.NBASE=3PL wiʔ there nī now lēʔ then nu NOM nkw-ē-tyūkwá CPL-AUX.down-be.sitting nu NOM nti-kwiʔ=ya HAB-speak=1PL.EXCL chíjyą̄ʔ cardinal ‘When they were going and passing there, what we call a cardinal sat down.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
186 |
(187) Na nyatę̄ nyāʔā nkawanāų́ʔ jnā jnā soʔni jnā soʔni jiʔį̄ų́ʔ. na ART nyatę̄ person nyāʔā POT.see.2SG nka-wanā=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-steal=3PL jiʔį̄ RN na ART jiʔį̄ RN na ART soʔni conch jiʔį̄ RN na ART soʔni conch jiʔį̄=ūʔ RN=3PL ‘Those people, you see, they stole the, the shell, their shell.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
187 |
(188) Ná nkawanā jwāá jnā chajaá. ná NEG nka-wanā CPL.CAUS-steal jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART chaja=V́ tortilla=DEM ‘Juan did not steal the tortillas.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
188 |
(189) Nkawanāų́ʔ liwrū jnī matrū skwelā. nka-wanā=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-steal=3PL liwrū book jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā school ‘They (nonspec.) stole the book from the teacher (the teacher's book).’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
189 |
(190) Nkawanā na nkwítzą kūnáʔaá jnā liwrūú jnīʔ matrū skwelāá. nka-wanā CPL.CAUS-steal na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā=V́ school=DEM ‘The girl stole the book from the teacher.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
190 |
(191) Nteyūkwą́ą̄ʔ nchulaʔą̄ʔ. nte-yūkwą́=ą̄ʔ PRG-tremble=1SG nch-ulaʔ=ą̄ʔ PRG-be.cold=1SG ‘I'm shaking from cold.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
191 |
(192) Ntyáyulaʔ na nkwítząá ntzuʔu nto tyáā tatīyá tzáą̄. n-tyá-y-ulaʔ HAB-begin-CPL-be.cold na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ntz-uʔu STAT-be.inside ntoo face tyáā water tatīyá every tzáą̄ day ‘The children always get cold from being in the water every day.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
192 |
(193) Nchósaʔą na wīchíí nto yakaá tatīyá tzáą̄. n-chó-saʔą HAB-AUX-be.attached na ART wīchí=V́ cat=DEM ntoo face yaka=V́ tree=DEM tatīyá every tzáą̄ day ‘The cat climbs up into that tree every day.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
193 |
(194) Nkyósaʔą nkwítzą itzǫʔ mesā. nk-yó-saʔą CPL-AUX-be.attached nkwítzą child itzǫʔ back mesā table ‘The child climbed up on the table.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
194 |
(195) "Tyūkwá kitzę ti wą ná akwāʔ kūlíji jwą̄ tī luwiʔ" nakwę. tyūkwá POT.be.inside(.3) kitzę village ti=wą home=2PL ná NEG akwāʔ when k-ū-líji POT-CAUS-get.lost jiʔį̄=wą RN=2PL tī EMPH luwiʔ then nakwę say(.3) ‘"It will be in your village, and it will never be lacking for you all then", he said.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form nkā-tūkwá | 195 |
(196) I niī reē nyāʔā ntyukwā niʔ loō nto síyā ntūkwá niʔ lóʔō niʔ lóʔō xikūnáʔa niʔ. i and niī now reē king nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG n-tyukwā STAT-be.sitting niʔ 3SG.RSP loō like.so ntoo face síyā chair n-tūkwá STAT-be.inside niʔ 3SG.RSP lóʔō RN.with niʔ 3SG.RSP lóʔō RN.with xi-kūnáʔa POSS-female niʔ 3SG.RSP ‘And the king was sitting there, he was sitting on his chair with her, with his woman.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
196 |
(197) Lēʔ yakwiʔūʔ lóʔō na kweta kyaʔāaʔ "laaʔ ntētāką́ʔ kwaa yākwá" nakwę. lēʔ then y-akwiʔ=ūʔ CPL-speak=3PL lóʔō RN.with na ART kweta outsider kyaʔā=Vʔ mountain=DEM laaʔ like.so ntē-tāką́ʔ PRG-experience kwaa 1PL.EXCL yākwá there nakwę say(.3) ‘Then they spoke to the Mixtecs, "that is what is happening to us there", they said.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3 |
197 |
(198) "Wī lyakwā tzalóʔōǫ kitē" nakwę kūnáʔa. wī and lyakwā why tz-aa-lóʔō=ą POT-go.NBASE-RN.with=1PL.INCL kitē pine nakwę say(.3) kūnáʔa female ‘"And why are we going to take pine?", said the woman.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
198 |
(199) Kinikwę tyūú jiʔį̄ jwaā tzaa tya kitzę jlyū. ki-nikwę POT-tell tyūú Pedro jiʔį̄ RN jwaā Juan tz-aa POT-go.NBASE tya towards kitzę village jlyū large ‘Pedro is going to tell Juan to go to the city.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
UTT1 V 2 jiʔį̄+3 |
199 |
(200) Tzoʔō ntakǫʔ ʔneyu ntekwā niī jā ntikwiʔyu jnā. tzoʔō good ntakǫʔ very ʔne=yu HAB.do=3SG.M ntekwā DEM niī now jā CONJ nti-kwiʔ=yu HAB-speak=3SG.M jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL ‘He does very well because he talks to us.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
200 |
(201) Nchakwiʔ na lóʔō niʔ maxi xītzáʔrina. nch-akwiʔ PRG-speak na 1PL.INCL lóʔō RN.with niʔ 3SG.RSP maxi CONJ x-ītzáʔ=ri=na POSS-word=only=1PL.INCL ‘We are talking with the lord even if only in our language.’ |
★ | TALK | the Verb form y-akwiʔ | 201 |
(202) Lēʔ nkaseteʔękāʔáya nchaaya. lēʔ then nka-se-teʔę=kāʔá=ya CPL-turn-be.at=again=1PL.EXCL nch-aa=ya PRG-go.NBASE=1PL.EXCL ‘Then we turned around and left.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
202 |
(203) Lēʔ tyāʔ yakwiʔ nu kūnáʔa jlyālá jį̄ na nkwítząaʔ lēʔ nakwę laaʔ "i wala tz-āā tī nī?" lēʔ then tyāʔ still y-akwiʔ CPL-speak nu NOM kūnáʔa female jlyālá mean jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=Vʔ child=DEM lēʔ then nakwę say(.3) laaʔ like.so i and wala where tz-āā POT-go.NBASE.2SG tī EMPH nī now ‘And the mean woman still spoke to the child, and she said to him, "And where are you going now?"’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
203 |
(204) Yakwiʔ nu kūnáʔa jyą́ʔ i nkātāá súkwā jį̄náʔ. y-akwiʔ CPL-speak nu NOM kūnáʔa female jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG i and nkā-tāá CPL-give(.3) súkwā food jiʔį̄ RN nāáʔ 1SG ‘The woman spoke to me and offered me food.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
204 |
(205) Nkyalóʔō na nkwítzą kūnáʔaá jnā liwrūú jnīʔ matrū skwelāá. nk-yaa-lóʔō CPL-come.BASE-RN.with na ART nkwítzą child kūnáʔa=V́ female=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART liwrū=V́ book=DEM jiʔį̄ RN niʔ 3SG.RSP matrū master skwelā=V́ school=DEM ‘The child brought the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
205 |
(206) La kii tz-a-lóʔō=kāʔá=ą̄ʔ jį̄. la as.far.as kii tomorrow tz-aa-lóʔō=kāʔá=ą̄ʔ POT-go.NBASE-RN.with=again=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Tomorrow I will take him again.’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
206 |
(207) Nka-lúū. nka-lúū CPL.CAUS-get.dug(.3) ‘They dug it.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
207 |
(208) Tāká kixę̄ʔ tāká kee tāká xī nkālúū tyā yuu. tāká ADJ.be kixę̄ʔ herb tāká ADJ.be kee rock tāká ADJ.be xī NOM.LOC nkā-lúū CPL.CAUS-get.dug tyáā water yuu earth ‘There are weeds, there are rocks, there are places where the water has eroded the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
208 |
(209) Jwaā yalúū koǫ kakuna lāká. jwaā Juan y-a-lúū CPL-go.NBASE.CAUS-get.dug koǫ tuber k-aku=na POT-eat=1PL.INCL lāká yesterday ‘Juan went to dig up tubers, so we could eat yesterday.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
209 |
(210) Jā nu ntekwaą̄ niʔ ntekwaą̄ niʔ ntekwaą̄ niʔ nkweʔeteʔę niʔ tyākwę́. jā CONJ nu NOM nt-e-kwaą̄ HAB-AUX-high niʔ 3SG.RSP nt-e-kwaą̄ HAB-AUX-high niʔ 3SG.RSP nt-e-kwaą̄ HAB-AUX-high niʔ 3SG.RSP nkw-eʔe-teʔę CPL-go.down-be.at niʔ 3SG.RSP tyākwę́ path ‘And he jumped and jumped and jumped and fell down to the path.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
210 |
(211) Nkwēkūtákwą̄úʔ jnā nkwítząá. nkw-ē-k-ū-tá-kwaą̄=ūʔ CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-AUX-high=3PL jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ‘They made the child jump.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
211 |
(212) Ntekékwą̄ na nkwítząá nto yuú. ntē-k-é-kwaą̄ PRG-POT-AUX-high na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ntoo face yuu=V́ earth=DEM ‘The child is jumping on the ground.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
212 |
(213) Léē ta witi ntii tuʔwaāʔ. léē very ta already witi dry nt-ii HAB-feel tuʔwa=ą̄ʔ mouth=1SG ‘My mouth feels very dried out.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
213 |
(214) Tī ná keʔe choo jā kiwiti nu nku-chata=na. tī COND ná NEG k-eʔe POT-go.down choo rain jā CONJ ki-witi POT-dry nu NOM nku-chata=na CPL-replant=1PL.INCL ‘If it doesn't rain, the crop (what we planted) will dry out.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
214 |
(215) Ntewitiri ntii tī tyá=āʔ. nte-witi=ri PRG-dry=only nt-ii HAB-feel tī EMPH tyáą=ą̄ʔ throat=1SG ‘My throat dries up on me a lot.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
215 |
(216) Ntēxíti sateʔ. ntē-x-íti PRG.CAUS-TRN-dry(.3) s-ateʔ POSS-clothes(.3) ‘He is drying his clothes (in the sun).’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
216 |
(217) Yūwá nkatéēʔyu jyū. yu=wá 3SG.M=DEM nka-téēʔ=yu CPL.CAUS-get.shaved=3SG.M jiʔį̄=yu RN=3SG.M ‘He shaved himself.’ |
★ | SHAVE (self) |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
217 |
(218) Nkātūkwá niʔ kíʔyūú jnā nkutīí nanēʔ na karetāá. nkā-tūkwá CPL.CAUS-be.inside niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkutī=V́ hay=DEM nanēʔ stomach na ART karetā=V́ cart=DEM ‘The man put (loaded) the hay into the cart.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
218 |
(219) Nkatūkwá jiʔį̄ nanēʔ tzaka kichuwī kusǭ. nka-tūkwá CPL.CAUS-be.inside(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) nanēʔ stomach tzaka one kichuwī basket kusǭ old ‘He put them in an old basket.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
219 |
(220) Ketuʔu yuu kilamisę̄. k-e-t-uʔu POT-AUX.down-TRN-be.inside yuu earth ki-la-misę̄ POT-get.loose-roll ‘If the land caves in, we would go rolling.’ |
★ | ROLL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
220 |
(221) Nkulāmisę̄ sūʔwá jwāá lō nu yakīʔyáyu lita. nku-lā-misę̄ CPL-get.loose-roll s-ūʔwá POSS-load jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM lō when nu NOM y-a-k-īʔyá=yu CPL-go.NBASE-POT-transport=3SG.M lita ear.of.corn ‘Juan's load rolled when he went to haul corn.’ |
★ | ROLL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
221 |
(222) Nkwēlātísę. nkw-ē-lā-t-ísę CPL-CAUS-get.loose-TRN-roll ‘He rolled it.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
222 |
(223) Jwaā ntēwíī tzǫʔ na yaka jā kujlyā choʔo jā léē tikwą nyaʔa. jwaā Juan ntē-wíī PRG.CAUS-clean.off(.3) tzǫʔ back na ART yaka tree jā CONJ k-u-jlyā POT-CAUS-spread choʔo lime jā CONJ léē very tikwą ugly nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) ‘Juan is cleaning off the tree in order to paint it with lime, because it looked very ugly.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive alternation |
223 |
(224) Nkānaʔa niʔ kíʔyū jnā nkwítzą kíʔyūuʔ. nkā-naʔa CPL-see niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū male jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child kíʔyū=Vʔ male=DEM ‘The man saw the boy.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
224 |
(225) Nee nyāʔā tyāʔ n-toǫ nyaʔne jiʔį̄=ya tza túkwa nuwęʔ tī nu n-tāá. nee say(.3) nyāʔā HAB.see.2SG tyāʔ still n-toǫ STAT-be.standing nyaʔne animal jiʔį̄=ya RN=1PL.EXCL tza one túkwa two nu NOM wiʔ DEM tī EMPH nu NOM n-tāá HAB-give(.3) ‘He says, you see, we still have animals, one or two of them, and this is what provides for us.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
225 |
(226) Chiīʔ tī ntii nuʔu kīkwīʔ jnyá. chiīʔ young.one tī COND nt-ii HAB-want nuʔu 2SG kī-kwīʔ POT-speak.2SG jnyá work ‘Young one, if you want to, govern.’ |
★ | WANT | the Verb form nkw-ii | 226 |
(227) Ná ntii jnā chajlyā. ná NEG nt-ii HAB-want jiʔį̄ RN na ART cha-jlyā tortilla-Castille ‘He does not want that bread.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
227 |
(228) Nkyatzāʔą́ na xikaʔá lóʔō na ítāá. nk-ya-tzāʔą́ CPL-go.BASE-full na ART xikaʔ=V́ gourd=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART ítā=V́ water=DEM ‘The cup was filled with water.’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form nka-ʔne-chá-tzaʔą | 228 |
(229) Tī kwēyáʔ estē ntuʔu ntāʔwé niī jā nu jnyaʔa tiʔiri ntii kétū yaką nchatasaʔą tī na na saaʔ tzoʔō. tī EMPH kwēyáʔ time estē this n-t-uʔu STAT-TRN-be.inside ntāʔwé sapote niī now jā CONJ nu NOM jnyaʔa true tiʔi=ri in.pain=only nt-ii HAB-feel kétū hole yaką ear n-chata-saʔą HAB-get.up-be.attached tī EMPH na ART na ART saaʔ parrot tzoʔō good ‘At the time that black sapotes were in season (on the tree ready for harvest) our ears would hurt when the mute parrots would all take off at once (it was loud).’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
229 |
(230) Nkātūʔú jį̄ xī nkutuʔu. nkā-t-ūʔú CPL.CAUS-TRN-be.inside(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) xī NOM.LOC nku-t-uʔu CPL-TRN-be.inside(.3) ‘He plugged it in where it was (plugged) in.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Active/inactive alternation |
230 |
(231) Niī nu ná nyaʔa jiʔį̄na ná kikwiʔ jnā maxi kākwári nkuteję̄. niī now nu NOM ná NEG nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL ná NEG ki-kwiʔ POT-speak(.3) jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL maxi CONJ kākwá=ri close.by=only nku-teję̄ CPL-pass(.3) ‘Now they don't see us, they don't speak to us, even when they pass close by.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
231 |
(232) Tala tutzęyu tatīyá telā. tala always t-utzę=yu ADJ-fear=3SG.M tatīyá every telā night ‘He is always afraid every night.’ |
★ | FEAR | the Verb form y-utzę | 232 |
(233) Nkaʔnetikatzǭ mariyā jnā ítā jā katana. nka-ʔne-ti-katzǭ CPL-do-ADJ-heat mariyā María jiʔį̄ RN na ART ítā water jā CONJ k-ata=na POT-bathe=1PL.INCL ‘Maria heated the water so we could bathe.’ |
★ | WASH | the Verb form nkw-ē-k-ata | 233 |
(234) Léē tzoʔō laa tzakarāyu kula tyāʔ ntyuʔu tánēʔ serlī nu laa nkaā saʔne tzéʔā. léē very tzoʔō good l-aa STAT-be tzaka=rā=yu one=now=3SG.M kula elder tyāʔ still n-ty-uʔu HAB-TRN-be.inside(.3) tánēʔ cloth serlī pants nu NOM l-aa STAT-be n-kaā CPL-be saʔne long.ago tzéʔā exactly ‘It is beautiful, he is the only old one that still dresses in the cloth pants as in the old days.’ |
★ | DRESS | the Verb form nkw-ē-k-u-tūʔú (s-ateʔ) | 234 |
(235) Ntuteęya yusę la to kelā lóʔō tzǫʔya. nt-u-teę=ya HAB-CAUS-get.carried=1PL.EXCL yusę sand la as.far.as to mouth kelā river lóʔō RN.with tzǫʔ=ya back=1PL.EXCL ‘We carried sand from the river with our backs.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
235 |
(236) Niʔ kíʔyū nka-teę tza manzanā nanēʔ kweję. niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū male nka-teę CPL.CAUS-get.carried tza one mantzanā apple nanēʔ stomach kweję bag ‘The man carried the apple in the bag.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
236 |
(237) La kii ntāátīʔę́ʔ tyúʔoōʔ̨ tzūʔ jlyā. la as.far.as kii tomorrow n-tāá-tīʔ=ą̄ʔ HAB-give-living.core=1SG tyúʔu=ą̄ʔ POT.leave=1SG tzūʔ towards jlyā early ‘I think I'm leaving early tomorrow.’ |
★ | THINK | the Verb form nkā-tāá-tīʔ | 237 |
(238) Chii kusūʔ nch-uwe-tīʔ. chii elder kusūʔ older nch-uwe-tīʔ PRG-get.ground-living.core(.3) ‘The old man is sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
238 |
(239) Nkyekę̄ na niʔi. nk-y-akę̄ CPL-ITRN-burn na ART niʔi house ‘The house burned.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
239 |
(240) Ntētákę̄ na kiiʔ. nte-t-ákę̄ PRG-TRN-burn na ART kiiʔ fire ‘The fire is burning.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Active/inactive alternation |
240 |
(241) Lēʔ wiʔ ntutakę̄ya jį̄. lēʔ then wiʔ there nt-u-t-akę̄=ya HAB-CAUS-TRN-burn=1PL.EXCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Then, we would burn it there.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Equipollent causative/intransitive alternation |
241 |
(242) Lee leerā ntiʔniūʔ lometā jų́ʔ to kiʔna kwaą̄. lee DEM lee=rā DEM=now nti-ʔni=ūʔ HAB-beat=3PL lometā bottle jiʔį̄=ūʔ RN=3PL to mouth kiʔna bed kwaą̄ high ‘Like this they would hit their bottles on the edge of the loft.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
242 |
(243) Chu kíʔyū nkaʔnikiyaʔ jnā walǭ nchaa xaaʔ seʔę. chu NOM.HUM kíʔyū male nka-ʔni-kiyaʔ CPL-beat-foot(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART walǭ ball nch-aa PRG-go.NBASE(.3) xaaʔ other seʔę place ‘The man kicked the ball and it went somewhere else.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Object/instrument incorporation |
243 |
(244) Nkaʔniyaka jwaā jnā wurū. nka-ʔni-yaka CPL-beat-wood jwaā Juan jiʔį̄ RN na ART wurū donkey ‘Juan prodded the donkey with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Object/instrument incorporation |
244 |
(245) Ná yunaą̄ʔ peru nteʔekwęę̄ʔ nt-iį̄ʔ. ná NEG y-una=ą̄ʔ CPL-hear=1SG peru but nt-eʔe-kwę=ą̄ʔ HAB-go.down-sound=1SG nt-ii=ą̄ʔ HAB-feel=1SG ‘I didn't understand, but I think I now understand.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
245 |
(246) Mariyāá nkatōkāchíʔ chaja jį̄ jwaā. mariyā=V́ María=DEM nka-tō-kāchíʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN.be.inside-hidden chaja tortilla jiʔį̄ RN jwaā Juan ‘María hid the tortillas from Juan.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
246 |
(247) Ntzuʔukāchíʔ nu kíʔyū. ntz-uʔu-kāchíʔ STAT-be.inside-hidden nu NOM kíʔyū male ‘The man is hidden.’ |
★ | HIDE | the Verb form nka-to-kāchíʔ | 247 |
(248) Nkulaʔa na yaka. nku-laʔa CPL-get.broken na ART yaka wood ‘The stick broke.’ |
★ | BREAK | the Verb form nka-laʔa | 248 |
(249) Mariyā nteyūkéʔ súkwā lóʔō na ketǫʔó. mariyā María ntey-ū-kéʔ PRG-CAUS-get.cooked súkwā food lóʔō RN.with na ART ketǫʔ=V́ pot=DEM ‘María is cooking the food in the pot.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
249 |
(250) Nteyatą. nte-y-atą PRG-ITRN-peel(.3) ‘It is getting peeled.’ |
★ | PEEL | the Verb form nka-s-atą | 250 |
(251) Na matrū skwelā ná nkasuʔū jnā nkwítzą lāká. na ART matrū master skwelā school ná NEG nka-suʔū CPL.CAUS-show(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą child lāká yesterday ‘The teacher did not teach the children yesterday.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
251 |
(252) Chúʔ kūnáʔa ntijyalóʔō jnā walǭ nkānēʔé jį̄. chúʔ 3SG.F kūnáʔa female nti-jya-lóʔō HAB-play-RN.with(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART walǭ ball nkā-nēʔé CPL.CAUS-throw jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘The woman playing with the ball threw it.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
252 |
(253) Kūjnálóʔō na jiʔį̄. k-ū-jná-lóʔō=na POT-CAUS-flee-RN.with=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘We are going to take him away.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Applicative |
253 |
(254) Nkūtúʔu kweʔę jiʔį̄ na pelótā. nkū-túʔu CPL-leave kweʔę air jiʔį̄ RN na ART pelótā ball ‘The air came out of the ball (the ball was punctured).’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
254 |
(255) Nkūtúʔu na nkwítząá kitzę. nkū-túʔu CPL-leave na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM kitzę village ‘The child left the village.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
255 |
(256) Tz-aa to neʔe jį̄. tz-aa POT-go.NBASE(.3) to mouth neʔe house jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘He will go to his house.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
256 |
(257) Wī nkyaa tī kwa jnuwę̄ʔ. wī and nk-yaa CPL-go.BASE tī EMPH kwaa 1PL.EXCL jiʔį̄ RN nu NOM wiʔ DEM ‘And we went to that.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
V 1 (LOC2) |
257 |
(258) Kwaʔą kikwiʔwą lo kiʔyā. kwaʔą 2PL ki-kwiʔ=wą POT-speak=2PL lo in kiʔyā market ‘You will speak at the market.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
258 |
(259) Chúʔwá tiyaʔ ntikwiʔchūʔ. chúʔ=wá 3SG.F=DEM tiyaʔ slowly nti-kwiʔ=chūʔ HAB-speak=3SG.F ‘She speaks slowly.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
259 |
(260) Nkū-lúū. nku-lúū CPL-get.dug ‘It got dug.’ |
★ | DIG | the Verb form nkā-lúū | 260 |
(261) Nu nkātākǫ́ʔūʔ laaʔ nu jā tyāʔ ntūkwá tya kétū. nu NOM nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover=3PL laaʔ like.so nu NOM jā CONJ tyāʔ still n-tūkwá STAT-be.inside to mouth kétū hole ‘Although they closed it off, the hole still exists.’ |
★ | CLOSE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
261 |
(262) Na jnēʔé ntukwęʔ xī nchaa na kwinaʔá. na ART jnēʔ=V́ dog=DEM nt-ukwęʔ HAB-smell(.3) xī NOM.LOC nch-aa PRG-go.NBASE na ART kwinaʔ=V́ deer=DEM ‘The dog smells where the deer is going.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
262 |
(263) Nkwēkūlítiʔ jwāá jnā jnēʔé. nkw-ē-k-ū-lítiʔ CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-sink(.3) jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART jnēʔ=V́ dog=DEM ‘Juan will drown the dog.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
263 |
(264) kwi-tya!na -wa& tzu!na jlyani_. Kwityánawą tzúna jlyanī. kwi-tyána=wą IMP-look.for=2PL tzúna three jlyanī name ‘Look for three names.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
264 |
(265) Kulītíʔ jwaā jnā yakaá. k-u-lītíʔ POT-CAUS-sink jwaā Juan jiʔį̄ RN na ART yaka=V́ wood=DEM ‘Juan will sink the wood.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
u-Causative alternation |
265 |
(266) Nchūná. nch-ūná PRG-cry(.3) ‘He is crying.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 |
266 |
(267) Jwāá nkyukwą̄ jnā keʔnā. jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM nk-y-ukwą̄ CPL-ITRN-grab(.3) jiʔį̄ RN na ART keʔnā plate ‘Juan received the plate.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
267 |
(268) Kujnyá tzaka ya ntisukwā ke. k-u-jnyá POT-CAUS-make.2SG tzaka one ya CLF.wood nti-sukwā HAB-be.lying.down ke head ‘You are going to make a yoke.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
268 |
(269) Jwaā nkayukwą̄ jį̄ keʔnā. jwaā Juan nkay-ukwą̄ CPL-grab jiʔį̄ RN keʔnā plate ‘Juan grabbed the plate.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Intransitive alternation |
269 |
(270) "Ná kutzęwą" nakwę. ná NEG k-utzę=wą POT-fear=2PL nakwę say(.3) ‘"Do not be frightened", he said.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
270 |
(271) Wiʔ nkwisēnaʔa jį̄yúʔ wiʔ. wiʔ there nkw-isē-naʔa CPL-AUX.turn-see(.3) jiʔį̄=ūʔ RN=3PL wiʔ DEM ‘There she turned around to look at them.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
271 |
(272) Wiʔ nkajnyāúʔ tzaka kétū yuu. wiʔ there nka-jnyā=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-make=3PL tzaka one kétū hole yuu earth ‘There they made a hole in the ground.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
272 |
(273) Ná kūtzę̄. ná NEG k-ūtzę̄ POT-fear.2SG ‘Don't be afraid.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
273 |
(274) Tyāá tī ntyūsé nuwę̄ʔ jiʔį́ nī. tyāá POT.ITER.give tī EMPH ntyūsé god nu NOM wiʔ DEM jiʔį́ RN.2SG nī now ‘God will give that back to you now.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+3 |
274 |
(275) Lēʔ nkūtúʔuūʔ nchaaūʔ. lēʔ then nkū-túʔu=ūʔ CPL-leave=3PL nch-aa=ūʔ PRG-go.NBASE=3PL ‘Then they left and they went away.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
275 |
(276) Ná tukwi yakwiʔ jyā. ná NEG tukwi which y-akwiʔ CPL-speak(.3) jiʔį̄=ya RN=1PL.EXCL ‘No one spoke to us.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
276 |
(277) Tyeeʔ. tyeeʔ POT.get.shaved(.3) ‘It will get shaved.’ |
★ | SHAVE (self) | the Verb form nka-téēʔ | 277 |
(278) Tala ntii tzéʔā jį̄ na ítāá jwāá. tala for.sure nt-ii HAB-want(.3) tzéʔā exactly jiʔį̄ RN na ART ítā=V́ water=DEM jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ‘Juan, he for sure wants the water.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
278 |
(279) Nkwēkūná jwāá jį̄ tyáʔā nkaláā nu ntijya niʔi. nkw-ē-k-ūná CPL-CAUS-POT-cry jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM jiʔį̄ RN tyáʔā companion(.3) nka-láā CPL.CAUS-get.loose(.3) nu NOM nti-jya HAB-play(.3) niʔi thing ‘Juan made his sister cry because he took away her toy.’ |
★ | CRY |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
279 |
(280) Kekutūʔúūʔ jnā kamisā jį̄ chúʔ. k-e-k-u-t-ūʔú=ūʔ POT-CAUS-POT-CAUS-TRN-be.inside=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN na ART kamisā shirt jiʔį̄=chūʔ RN=3SG.F ‘They are going to dress her in that shirt.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
280 |
(281) Nāxíʔi laaʔ nu kekūná ūʔ tī jį̄ nyatę̄. nāxíʔi not.be laaʔ like.so nu NOM k-e-k-ūná=ūʔ POT-CAUS-POT-cry=3NSPEC tī EMPH jiʔį̄ RN nyatę̄ person ‘It is not the case that they make the people cry.’ |
★ | CRY |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
281 |
(282) Na kwaaʔaʔ nyāʔā ta yaku jiʔį̄ xikūnáʔa ūʔ xī ntoǫ lóʔō kichi jį̄ nchoō. na ART kwaaʔ=Vʔ bear=DEM nyāʔā POT.see.2SG ta already y-aku CPL-eat(.3) jiʔį̄ RN xi-kūnáʔa=ūʔ POSS-female=3NSPEC xī NOM.LOC n-toǫ STAT-be.standing lóʔō RN.with kichi quern jiʔį̄ RN(.3) nch-oō PRG-grind ‘The bear, you see, already ate his wife where she was standing with her quern grinding.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
282 |
(283) Nkwēkuxáʔā pīyúʔú jį̄ jwanāá yaa kékū. nkw-ē-k-u-xáʔā CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-scream pīyúʔ=V́ baby.girl=DEM jiʔį̄ RN jwanā=V́ Juana=DEM y-aa CPL-go.NBASE(.3) kékū water.place ‘The baby girl made Juana scream when they went to the water source.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
283 |
(284) Nkwēkujyā na matrū skwelā jnā nkwítząá. nkw-ē-k-u-jyā CPL-CAUS-POT-CAUS-play na ART matrū master skwelā school jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM ‘The teacher set the kids to playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
284 |
(285) Saʔne yunaą̄ʔ jiʔį̄. saʔne long.ago y-una=ą̄ʔ CPL-hear=1SG jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Long ago I heard it.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
285 |
(286) Ntuwanā na kíʔyū wá. nt-u-wanā HAB-CAUS-steal na ART kíʔyū male wá DEM ‘That man steals.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Object omission alternation |
286 |
(287) Nkalōónaa ūʔ jiʔį̄ kinī wiʔ naa sensóklē. nka-lōó-naa=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-take.out-name=3NSPEC jiʔį̄ RN kinī bird wiʔ DEM naa name sensóklē mockingbird ‘They named that bird mockingbird.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
287 |
(288) Jā saʔne nchakwiʔ nāáʔ tzáʔ wá nī. jā CONJ saʔne long.ago nch-akwiʔ PRG-speak nāáʔ 1SG tzáʔ thing wá DEM nī now ‘I have been talking about this for a long time now.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3 |
288 |
(289) Ntekēkukwęʔ pīyúʔú jiʔį̄ nā keē tikwą lyaʔāá jiʔį̄ jwanāá. nte-k-ē-k-ukwęʔ PRG-POT-CAUS-POT-smell pīyúʔ=V́ baby.girl=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART keē flower tikwą ugly lyaʔā=V́ smelling=DEM jiʔį̄ RN jwanā=V́ Juana=DEM ‘The little girl is making Juana smell the foul smelling flower.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
289 |
(290) Kelātísę jwaā jiʔį̄ na keé. k-e-lā-t-ísę POT-CAUS-get.loose-TRN-roll jwaā Juan jiʔį̄ RN na ART kee=V́ rock=DEM ‘Juan is going to roll the stones.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
290 |
(291) Ntēlítiʔ jwāá nto nanaʔá. ntē-lítiʔ PRG-sink jwaā=V́ Juan=DEM ntoo face nanaʔ=V́ mud=DEM ‘Juan is sinking in the mud.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
291 |
(292) Kūtá nkaā kusūʔ jyą́ʔ. kūtá hunter n-kaā CPL-be kusūʔ older jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG ‘My ancestors were hunters.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
N/A |
292 |
(293) Ntuteę na jiʔį̄ lóʔō itzǫʔ na. nt-u-teę=na HAB-CAUS-get.carried=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) lóʔō RN.with itzǫʔ=na back=1PL.INCL ‘We carry it with (on) our backs.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3) |
293 |
(294) Tatīyá nyaʔne nu ntii tzaa tzayoʔō ítā ntoo nanaʔ wī niī lēʔ nu ntīlítiʔ ūʔ jiʔį̄. tatīyá every nyaʔne animal nu NOM nt-ii HAB-want tz-aa POT-go.NBASE(.3) tz-a-y-oʔō POT-go.NBASE-CPL-drink(.3) ítā water ntoo face nanaʔ mud wī and niī now lēʔ then nu NOM ntī-lítiʔ=ūʔ HAB-sink=3PL jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘Every animal that wanted to go and go drink water from the mud, then they would sink there.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
V 1 jiʔį̄+2 |
294 |
(295) Nkwētuteʔ jį. nkw-ē-t-uteʔ CPL-CAUS-TRN-be.hungry(.3) jiʔį̄ RN(.3) ‘She made him hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Causative of active verb |
295 |