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  • Verb meanings 
      Show all Verb meanings or select one of the 80 core meanings:
    • ASK FOR
    • BE A HUNTER
    • BEAT
    • BE DRY
    • BE HUNGRY
    • BE SAD
    • BLINK
    • BOIL
    • BREAK
    • BRING
    • BUILD
    • BURN
    • CARRY
    • CLIMB
    • COOK
    • COUGH
    • COVER
    • CUT
    • DIE
    • DIG
    • DRESS
    • EAT
    • FEAR
    • FEEL COLD
    • FEEL PAIN
    • FILL
    • FOLLOW
    • FRIGHTEN
    • GIVE
    • GO
    • GRIND
    • HEAR
    • HELP
    • HIDE
    • HIT
    • HUG
    • JUMP
    • KILL
    • KNOW
    • LAUGH
    • LEAVE
    • LIKE
    • LIVE
    • LOAD
    • LOOK AT
    • MEET
    • NAME
    • PEEL
    • PLAY
    • POUR
    • PUSH
    • PUT
    • RAIN
    • ROLL
    • RUN
    • SAY
    • SCREAM
    • SEARCH FOR
    • SEE
    • SEND
    • SHAVE (a body part/person)
    • SHOUT AT
    • SHOW
    • SING
    • SINK
    • SIT
    • SIT DOWN
    • SMELL
    • STEAL
    • TAKE
    • TALK
    • TEACH
    • TEAR
    • TELL
    • THINK
    • THROW
    • TIE
    • TOUCH
    • WASH
    • WIPE
  • All Coding frames
  • Microroles
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    • Data set for Zenzontepec Chatino (zipped TSV files)
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  • Zenzontepec Chatino
  • Verb forms 
      Show all 82 Verb forms or choose by Verb meaning (80 core meanings shown):
    • ASK FOR nkā-nána
    • BE A HUNTER no verbal counterpart
    • BEAT nka-ʔni
    • BE DRY witi
    • BE HUNGRY nk-y-uteʔ
    • BE SAD nkay-uwe-tīʔ
    • BLINK nk-y-uwi-ntoo
    • BOIL nkū-lákwi
    • BREAK nka-laʔa
    • BRING y-aa-lóʔō
    • BUILD nka-jnyā
    • BURN nk-y-akę̄
    • CARRY nka-teę
    • CLIMB nk-yó-saʔą
    • COOK nkay-ū-kéʔ
    • COUGH nka-tuuʔ
    • COVER nka-t-ākǫ́ʔ
    • CUT nkā-xūʔú
    • DIE nku-jwi (1)
    • DIG nkā-lúū
    • DRESS nkw-ē-k-u-tūʔú (s-ateʔ)
    • EAT y-aku
    • FEAR y-utzę
    • FEEL COLD nkay-ulaʔ
    • FEEL PAIN tiʔi, tiʔi nkw-ii
    • FILL nka-ʔne-chá-tzaʔą
    • FOLLOW y-a-la-saʔą
    • FRIGHTEN nkw-ē-k-utzę
    • GIVE nkā-tāá
    • GO y-aa
    • GRIND nkay-oō
    • HEAR y-una (2)
    • HELP nkwi-tyā-tyūkwá
    • HIDE nka-to-kāchíʔ
    • HIT nkā-rá
    • HUG nk-y-uʔu-xiiʔ, nkā-tūkwá-xiiʔ
    • JUMP nkw-é-kwaą̄
    • KILL nkay-u-jwi
    • KNOW n-tzuʔu-ntoo
    • LAUGH nka-xiti
    • LEAVE nkū-túʔu
    • LIKE y-a-toǫ-tīʔ
    • LIVE n-kā-tāká
    • LOAD nkā-tūkwá
    • LOOK AT nkā-naʔa
    • MEET nk-y-uʔu-ntoo
    • NAME nka-lōó-naa
    • PEEL nka-s-atą
    • PLAY nka-jyā
    • POUR nkā-t-ūʔú, nkā-tūkwá
    • PUSH (no counterpart)
    • PUT nkā-t-ūʔú
    • RAIN nkw-eʔe (choo)
    • ROLL nku-lā-misę̄
    • RUN nkū-túʔu-jná
    • SAY nakwę
    • SCREAM nk-xáʔā
    • SEARCH FOR nkwī-tyána
    • SEE nkā-naʔa
    • SEND nkā-tēję́
    • SHAVE (a body part/person) (no counterpart)
    • SHOUT AT nk-xáʔā-lóʔō
    • SHOW nka-suʔū
    • SING (nka-)y-ūlá
    • SINK nkū-lítiʔ
    • SIT n-tyukwā
    • SIT DOWN nkw-ē-saʔą, nkw-ē-tyukwā
    • SMELL y-ukwęʔ
    • STEAL nka-wanā
    • TAKE nkā-láā
    • TALK y-akwiʔ
    • TEACH nka-suʔū
    • TEAR nkā-s-āáʔ
    • TELL nakwę
    • THINK nkā-tāá-tīʔ
    • THROW nkā-nēʔé
    • TIE nkā-x-īką́ʔ
    • TOUCH y-alaʔ
    • WASH nkw-ē-k-ata
    • WIPE (no counterpart)
  • Coding frames
  • Coding sets
  • Alternations
  • Examples

Basic Coding frame

V 1 jiʔį̄+2
Description
use of jiʔį̄ is optional
# Coding set Argument type
1 Ø A
2 jiʔį̄+NP P
Derived Coding frames via
V' 1
Object omission alternation
eV' 3 jiʔį̄+2 jiʔį̄+1
Causative of active verb
yV' 2
Intransitive alternation
uV' 3 jiʔį̄+1
u-Causative alternation
V' 2
Ambitransitive alternation

Verb forms with this basic Coding frame

Verb form Verb meaning Microrole 1 Microrole 2
nkā-s-āáʔ TEAR tearer torn thing
y-aku EAT eater eaten food
nkā-naʔa LOOK AT looker looked at entity
nkā-naʔa SEE seeer seen entity
nkw-ii WANT wanter wanted thing
nkwī-tyána SEARCH FOR searcher searched for thing
y-utzę FEAR fearer fear stimulus
nkw-ē-k-utzę FRIGHTEN frightener frightenee
nkw-ē-k-ata WASH washer washed entity
n-tzuʔu-ntoo KNOW knower known thing/person
nkā-tāá-tīʔ THINK thinker thought content
(nka-)y-ūlá SING singer song
nk-xáʔā-lóʔō SHOUT AT shouter shoutee
nk-y-uʔu-ntoo MEET meeter met person
y-una (2) HEAR hearer heard sound
nk-y-uʔu-xiiʔ HUG hugger huggee
nkā-tūkwá-xiiʔ HUG hugger huggee
y-a-toǫ-tīʔ LIKE liker liked entity
y-a-la-saʔą FOLLOW follower followee
nkwi-tyā-tyūkwá HELP helper helpee
nkū-túʔu LEAVE leaver left place/person
nkā-lúū DIG digger dug up thing
nka-téēʔ SHAVE (self) shave (self) causer shaver (of self)
y-ukwęʔ SMELL smeller smelled entity
nkū-lítiʔ SINK sunken entity sink location
nk-y-ukwą̄ GET receiver received thing
Logo_minerva     Cc-by
Valency Patterns Leipzig online database is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley
and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.