tsikbal

Coding frame

sbj[1].V 1 yéetel+2 yóok'ol+3

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(19)

Le xch'úupalo' tsikbalnah yéetel le xibpalo' yo'lal u yaalak' peek'.

DEM

xch'úupal-o'

girl-D2

tsikbal-nah

talk-CMPL

yéetel

with

DEM

xibpal-o'

boy-D2

y-o'lal

0-reason

POSS.3

y-aalak'

0-CL.domestic

peek'

dog

‘The girl talked to the boy about her dog.’

★

(141)

Le xch'úupalo' táan u tsikbal.

DEM

xch'úupal-o'

girl-D2

táan

PROG

SBJ.3

tsikbal

talk

‘The girl is talking.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TALK	Coding set	Argument type
1	talker	sbj.V	S
2	talked to person	yéetel+NP	I
3	talked about content	yóok'ol+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Passive more info	NNever	y
C Causative more info	NNever	y
C Introversive more info	NNever	y
C Deagentive more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Extraversive more info	RRegularly	y	sbj[1].V'extra.obj[3] 3 1 ti'+2	(23) Le xch'úupalo' tu tsikbatah hump'éel che'hbil tsikbal ti' le xibpalo'. ‘The girl told the boy a funny story.’ ★
C Fientive more info	NNever	y
C Usative more info	NNever	y
C Indirect participation more info	NNever	y
C Incorporative more info	NNever	y
U Direct object shift more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

tsikbal

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples