but'

Coding frame

sbj[1].V.obj[2] 2 1 LOC3

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(51)

Le koolnáalo' tu but'ah ixi'm ti' le kaamiono'.

DEM

koolnáal-o'

farmer-D2

t-u

PRFV-SBJ.3

but'-ah

fill-CMPL

ixi'm

corn

ti'

LOC

DEM

kaamion-o'

truck-D2

‘The farmer loaded corn onto the truck.’

★

(205)

But' le nal teh xuuxo'.

but'

fill

DEM

nal

corncob

ti'

LOC

DEM

xuux-o'

long.basket-D2

‘Put the corn cobs into the basket (to fill it).’

★

(357)

Tíin but'ik le kuuch teh káamiona'.

táan

PROG

SBJ.1SG

but'-ik

fill-INCMPL

DEM

kuch

load

ti'

LOC

DEM

káamion-a'

truck-D1

‘I am filling the load into the truck.’

★

(358)

Le koolnáalo' tu but'ah ixi'm ti' le kaamiono'.

koolnáal-o'

farmer-D2

t-u

PRFV-SBJ.3

but'-ah

fill-CMPL

ixi'm

corn

ti'

LOC

DEM

kaamion-o'

truck-D2

‘The farmer loaded corn onto the truck.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FILL	LOAD	Coding set	Argument type
1	filler	loader	sbj.V	A
2	filling material	loaded thing	V.obj	P
3	filled container	loading place	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	sbj[2].V'pass 2 (tumen+1) LOC3
C Causative more info	NNever	y
C Introversive more info	NNever	y
C Deagentive more info	RRegularly	y	sbj[2].V'deag 2 LOC3	(323) Le ch'óoyo' ku búut'ul yéetel lu'm. ‘The bucket fills with earth.’ ★
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Extraversive more info	NNever	y
C Fientive more info	NNever	y
C Usative more info	NNever	y
C Indirect participation more info	RRegularly	y	sbj[1].V'.obj[2] 2 1	(346) Tíin but'ik u kuuch le káamiona'. ‘I am filling the load into the truck.’ ★
C Incorporative more info	MMarginally	y
U Direct object shift more info	RRegularly	n		(50) Le xch'úupalo' tu but'ah le luuch yéetel ha'o'. ‘The girl filled the cup with water.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

but'

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples