chubakte

Coding frame

1-nom V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(42)

Wajpo weamaka ne ousi chubaktek.

wajpo

while

weamaka

field

1sg

ousi

int

chubakte-k

feel_cold-pfv

‘While I was on the field, I felt cold.’

★

(93)

Ne ousi chubakte.

1sg

ousi

int

chubakte

feel_cold

‘I am freezing (lit. I am feeling very cold.).’

★

(146)

Tiibu wakas soba'ita sipa.

Tiibu

Tiburcio

wakas

cow

soba'i-ta

grilled_meat-acc

sipa

freeze

‘Tiburcio is freezing the grilled beef.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FEEL COLD	Coding set	Argument type
1	freezing person	NP-nom	S

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Equipollent Noncausal more info	NNever		y
C Intransitivizer incorporation: ji'i more info	NNever		y
C Object incorporation more info	NNever		y
C Middle more info	RRegularly		y	(616) Imi'i ala aa chubaktitu. ‘Here is certainly a place to feel cold.’ ★
U Undetermined object more info	NNever	applies to the causative version	n	(274) U jeeka yee chubachubaktitua. ‘The wind causes (everybody) to feel cold.’ ★
U Locative more info	NNever		n
C Causative more info	RRegularly	If one wants to use the chubakte verb in order to express a causation, it is necessary to suffix the -tua causative morpheme. This verb does not accept an equipollent causal verb form such as *chubakta.	y	(272) Ne chubaktituak. ‘Something caused me to feel cold.’ ★ (273) U jeeka ne chubachubaktitua. ‘The wind caused me to feel cold.’ ★ (274) U jeeka yee chubachubaktitua. ‘The wind causes (everybody) to feel cold.’ ★
C Applicative more info	NNever		y
U Directional Object more info	NNever		n
C Resultative more info	NNever		y
C Passive more info	RRegularly		y	(617) Chubaktiwa. ‘It is cold. / It feels cold.’ ★
C Equipollent Causal more info	NNever	Another verb which means 'to freeze' is available to convey a causative relation.	y
C Equipollent Applicative more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

chubakte

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples