tapunia

Coding frame

1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V

Examples

(88)

Ne picheta tapunia.

1sg

piche-ta

jar-acc

tapunia

fill

‘I am filling the jar.’

★

(89)

Tinata ne ba'amea tapunia.

tina-ta

deposit-acc

1sg

ba'a-mea

water-instr

tapunia

fill

‘I am filling the deposit with water.’

★

(541)

U mesa kom tapunak.

det

mesa

table

kom

down

tapuna-k

fill.intr-pfv

‘The table filled.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FILL	Coding set	Argument type
1	filler	NP-nom	A
2	filled container	NP-acc	P
3	filling material	NP-instr	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Equipollent Noncausal more info	NNever	the inchoative/causative distinction for this verb pair is not coded by -(t)e/-(t)a	y
C Intransitivizer incorporation: ji'i more info	NNever		y
C Object incorporation more info	RRegularly		y	(37) Soto'ita ne ba'atapunia. ‘I am filling the pot with water.’ ★ (251) U yuku pueplota keepatapuniak. ‘The storm caused the town to be covered in drizzling.’ ★
C Middle more info	RRegularly		y	(542) Ume ba'am pichelpo aa tapuniatu. ‘The jar can be filled with water.’ ★
U Undetermined object more info	MMarginally	sólo acepta el yee	n	(545) Yee bwa'ammea tompo tapunia. ‘The stomach is being filled with food. \ lit. He is filing his stomach with food.’ ★
U Locative more info	NNever		n
C Applicative more info	RRegularly		y	(539) U yoeme uka jamutta baasota tapuniaria. ‘The man is filling the glass for the woman.’ ★
U Directional Object more info	MMarginally		n	(540) U yoeme jamuttau baasota tapuniak. ‘The man filled the glass at the woman('s place).’ ★
C Resultative more info	RRegularly	The resultative requires the 3-instr participant to occur.	y	(250) U pueplo ba'ammea tapuni. ‘The town is covered with water (lit. The town is filled with water.).’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly		y	(543) Ume ba'am tapuniawa. ‘The water was filled in.’ ★ (544) U piila tapuniawa. ‘The basin is being filled.’ ★
C Equipollent Causal more info	NNever		y
C Equipollent Applicative more info	–No data		y
C Causative more info	RRegularly		y	(249) U jamut ili uusita soto'ita tapuniatuak. ‘The woman made the child fill the pot.’ ★ (322) U yoeme jamutta uka baasota ba'ammea tapuniatuak. ‘The man made the woman fill the glass with water.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

tapunia

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples