beeba

Coding frame

1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(6)

Kat soto'i-ta kuta-e beba!

kat

neg

soto'i-ta

pot-acc

kuta-e

stick-instr

beba

hit

‘Do not hit the pot with the stick!’

★

(47)

U yoeme o'omtilataka samita chona.

det

yoeme

man

o'omtilataka

angrily

sami-ta

wall-acc

chona

hit

‘The man beats the wall angrily.’

★

(63)

U ili uusi chu'uta bebak.

det

ili

little

uusi

child

chu'u-ta

dog-acc

beeba-k

hit-pfv

‘The little child hit the dog.’

★

(164)

U ili uusi kutae yee bebak.

det

ili

little

uusi

child

kuta-e

stick-instr

yee

people

beba-k

hit-pfv

‘The child hit (people) with a stick.’

★

(284)

U ili uusi chu'uta kutae beebak.

det

ili

little

uusi

child

chu'u-ta

dog-acc

kuta-e

stick-instr

beeba-k

hit-pfv

‘The child hit the dog with a stick.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	HIT	Coding set	Argument type
1	hitter	NP-nom	A
2	hittee	NP-acc	P
3	hitting instrument	NP-instr	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Equipollent Noncausal more info	NNever	y
C Intransitivizer incorporation: ji'i more info	NNever	y
C Object incorporation more info	MMarginally	y	(431) Ne puetata mambebak. ‘I hit my/the hand with the door.’ ★
C Middle more info	RRegularly	y	(430) Chu'u aa bebtu. ‘The dog can be hit.’ ★ (433) U chu'u bebritukan. ‘The dog had been hit.’ ★
C Causative more info	RRegularly	y	(333) U yoeme uka uusita bakotta kutae bebtuak. ‘The man made the boy hit the snake with a stick.’ ★
C Applicative more info	RRegularly	y	(427) U yoeme ili uusita chu'uta bebriak. ‘The man hit the dog for the child.’ ★ (428) U yoeme ili uusita chu'u bebriak. ‘The man hit the dog of the child.’ ★
U Directional Object more info	MMarginally	n	(429) U yoeme chu'uta ili uusitau bebak. ‘The man sent the dog to bite the child.’ ★
C Resultative more info	RRegularly	y	(433) U chu'u bebritukan. ‘The dog had been hit.’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	(432) U chu'u bebwa. ‘The dog was hit.’ ★
C Equipollent Causal more info	NNever	y
C Equipollent Applicative more info	NNever	y
U Locative more info	NNever	n
U Undetermined object more info	RRegularly	n	(434) Inepo yee beeba. ‘I hit people.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

beeba

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples