dìnngar

Coding frame

1-dat 2-acc V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(44)

(Sedang) (habbar) su-dìnngar.

se=dang

1s=dat

habbar

news

su-dìnngar

past-hear

‘I heard the news.’

★

(74)

Andare ruumanang asàpii biininang subiilang "puthrinang kuuping aràdinggar kuurang" katha.

Andare

ruuma=nang

house=dat

asà-pii

cp-go

biini=nang

wife=dat

su-biilang

past-say

puthri=nang

queen=dat

kuuping

ear

arà-dinggar

nonpast-hear

kuurang

little

katha

quot

‘After Andare went to his house, he told his wife: The queen hears little with her ears. / Andare went home and told his wife that the queen did not hear very well.’

★

(75)

Incayangpe omonganyang dìnngarapa...

incayang=pe

3s=poss

omong-an=yang

talk-nmlzr=acc

dìnngar=apa

hear=after

‘After hearing this talk...’

★

(76)

Derangnang byaasa suaara hatthu sudìnngar.

derang=nang

3pl=dat

byaasa

familiar

suaara

sound

hatthu

indef

su-dìnngar

past-hear

‘They heard a familiar voice.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	HEAR	Coding set	Argument type
1	hearer	NP-dat	X
2	heard sound	NP-acc	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
U Reciprocal alternation	–No data	n
U General NP addition more info	MMarginally	n
U General NP drop more info	RRegularly	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

dìnngar

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples