bitharak

Coding frame

1 V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(42)

(Aanak) arà-bitharak.

aanak

child

arà-bitharak

nonpast-scream

‘The child screams.’

★

(59)

Biini itthu subladering aràbitharak; puthri inni subladering aràbitharak.

biini

wife

itthu

dist

subla=dering

side=abl

arà-bitharak

nonpast-scream

puthri

queen

inni

prox

subla=dering

side=abl

arà-bitharak

nonpast-scream

‘The wife screamed from that side and the queen screamed from this side.’

★

(60)

"Lorangpe guuna thàràsampe! hathyang skali bannyak masàaapith!" Aajuth subutharak.

lorang=pe

2pl=poss

guuna

GUUNA

thàràsampe

insufficient

hathyang

other

skali

time

bannyak

much

masà-aapith

must-care

Aajuth

dwarf

su-butharak

past-scream

‘"Your respect is insufficient! Next time you must be more careful" the dwarf screamed.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SCREAM	Coding set	Argument type
1	screamer	Ø	S

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
U Reciprocal alternation	–No data	n
U General NP addition more info	MMarginally	n
U General NP drop more info	RRegularly	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

bitharak

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples