picaking

Coding frame

1 2-acc 3-abl V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(17)

(Aanak) (jleena[=yang]) (baathu=dering) arà-picaking.

aanak

child

jleena=yang

window=acc

baathu=dering

stone=abl

arà-picaking

nonpast-broken.caus

‘The child breaks the window with a stone.’

★

(108)

Itthu giini bolepiccakang thundu padanang.

itthu

dist

giini

like.this

bole-picca-kang

can-broken-caus

thundu

piece

pada=nang

pl=dat

‘You can break those things to pieces like this.’

★

(109)

Itthusubbath derangpada jaalang aràgijja, butthul ruuma padayang aràpiccakang.

itthusubbath

therefore

derang

3pl

pada

jaalang

street

arà-gijja

nonpast-make

butthul

correct

ruuma

house

pada=yang

pl=acc

arà-picca-kang

nonpast-broken-caus

‘There for they are making streets, they are demolishing good houses. / Therefore, they construct streets and good houses are getting demolished.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BREAK	Coding set	Argument type
1	breaker	Ø	A
2	broken thing	NP-acc	P
3	breaking instrument	NP-abl	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
U Reciprocal alternation	–No data	n
U General NP addition more info	MMarginally	n
U General NP drop more info	RRegularly	n	(107) Hathyang aarika Snow-whitele Rose-redle laapang piingirka, berry kapangpiccakang, bissar hathu buurung derangpe atthasdering suthìrbang. ‘The other day, when Snow-White and Rose-Red were picking (=breaking) berries, a big bird flew over them.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

picaking

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples