kiiring

Coding frame

1 2-acc 3-dat V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(8)

(Baapa) (aanak[=yang]) (Kluumbu=nang) arà-kiiring.

baapa

father

aanak=yang

child=acc

Kluumbu=nang

Colombo=dat

arà-kiiring

nonpast-send

‘The father sends the child to Colombo.’

★

(53)

Derang pada godang uuvang aràkiiring.

derang

3pl

pada

godang

1s.dat

uuvang

wealth

arà-kiiring

nonpast-send

‘They send me money.’

★

(89)

Goppe aanak pada uuwang godang aràkiiring.

go=ppe

1s=poss

aanak

child

pada

uuwang

wealth

go=dang

1s=dat

arà-kiiring

nonpast-send

‘My children send me money.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SEND	Coding set	Argument type
1	sender	Ø	A
2	sent thing	NP-acc	P
3	sending recipient	NP-dat	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
U Reciprocal alternation	–No data	n
U General NP addition more info	MMarginally	n
U General NP drop more info	RRegularly	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

kiiring

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples