estʹ (есть)

Coding frame

1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc (3-instr)

Simplex Verb form

Example

(39)

Devočka ela kašu ložkoj.

devočka

girl

ela

eat.PST.F.SG

kaš-u

porridge-ACC

ložk-oj

spoon-INS

‘The girl was eating the porridge with a spoon.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	EAT	Coding set	Argument type
1	eater	NP-nom & V.subj	A
2	eaten food	NP-acc	P
3	eating instrument	NP-instr	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object deletion more info	RRegularly		n	1-nom V'.subj[1] (3-instr)	(105) On el každyj den' v šest' časov. ‘He ate at six o'clock every day.’ ★
U Instrumental subject alternation more info	NNever		n
C Prefixal Goal-Instrumental alternation more info	NNever		y
C Prefixal Source-promoting alternation more info	NNever		y
C Semantic reflexive more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Participial Passive more info	RRegularly	Requires prefixation on verb to make it perfective: sʺ-est'	y	2-nom passV'.subj[2] (3-instr)/(1-instr)
U Comitative alternation more info	NNever		n
U Accusative-Genitive alternation more info	NNever		n
C Reflexive Reciprocal more info	NNever		y
U Cognate object alternation more info	NNever		n
C Reflexive Middle more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive Passive more info	NNever		y
U Negative Accusative-Genitive alternation more info	RRegularly		n	1-nom negV'.subj[1] 2-gen (3-instr)
C Reflexive Middle (impersonal) more info	NNever		y