ku

Coding frame

Ng si ku ng ǀʼhuunsi a xa ǁʼae ǃkxʼabesi.

1SG

IRR

say

OBL

ǀʼhuun-si

white.person-SG

2SG

PST

ǁʼae

go.to

ǃkxʼabe-si

cream-SG

‘I will say to the Boer (that) you went to the cream.’

A ha ǁʼaa ha ku ng nǀng: "tyuin xae a ..."

CONN

3SG

ǁʼaa

3SG

say

OBL

nǀng

1SG.STR

tyuin

what

xae

this

‘He goes and says to me "What is this ..."’

#	SAY	Coding set	Argument type
1	sayer	Ø	S
2	saying addressee	ng+NP	X
3	said content	UTT	X

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Addition of oblique via SVC more info	NNever	y
C Addition of direct object via SVC more info	NNever	y
C Addition of oblique + direct object via SVC more info	NNever	y
U Clausal complement instead of direct object	NNever	n
U Clausal complement instead of oblique argument	NNever	n
U Deletion of dative object more info	NNever	n
U Addition of direct object more info	NNever	n
U Deagentive more info	NNever	n
U Uncoded causative more info	NNever	n
U Deletion of direct object more info	NNever	n
U Demotion of direct object to oblique more info	NNever	n
U Promotion of direct object to oblique more info	NNever	n
U Addition of oblique more info	NNever	n
U Deletion of oblique more info	RRegularly	n	(271) Ha ku "ǀqxʼaikea, ǀqxʼaikea" ‘He says: "Beat (him), beat (him)!"’ ★
U Promotion of oblique to indirect object more info	NNever	n
U Theme as instrument instead of oblique more info	NNever	n
U Addition of instrument/comitative more info	NNever	n
C Demotion of indirect object to oblique (via SVC)	NNever	y
C Deletion of indirect object	NNever	y
U Locative shift: goal as direct object (instead of theme) with the theme coded as instrumental/comitative	NNever	n
U Locative shift: theme as direct object (instead of goal)	NNever	n
C Coded causative + addition of oblique	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.