ǀai (1)

Coding frame

1 V 2

Examples

(246)

Kinn ǀai ka ǃuuke.

kinn

3PL

ǀai

take

ǃuuke

shoe

‘They take the shoes.’

★

(248)

ǀai uu ki nǀa tyuu.

ǀai

take

take.up

3NH.SG

nǀa

INST

tyuu

mouth

‘(He) takes it with his mouth.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TAKE	Coding set	Argument type
1	taker	Ø	A
2	taken thing	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Addition of direct object via SVC more info	NNever		y
C Addition of oblique via SVC more info	RRegularly		y	(247) Kua ǀai ǁhau gao ng nǁngǃui nǀaa. ‘He takes the thing off the person's head.’ ★ (249) Nǁngǃui ǀai ǁhau hoedsi ng nǁaa nǀaa. ‘The person takes the hat off his head.’ ★
U Clausal complement instead of direct object	NNever		n
C Addition of oblique + direct object via SVC more info	NNever		y
U Clausal complement instead of oblique argument	NNever		n
U Deletion of dative object more info	NNever		n
U Addition of direct object more info	NNever		n
U Deagentive more info	NNever		n
U Uncoded causative more info	NNever		n
U Deletion of direct object more info	NNever		n
U Demotion of direct object to oblique more info	RRegularly	Sometimes this alternative frame is a free variant of A V P/X, sometimes it has a partitive meaning, and sometimes this means 'touch s.th.' (probably analogous to Afrikaans 'vat aan X' = 'to touch X'), it is also possible as an alternative to A V V(path) P ng+X for 'X takes Y from Z', but very marginal and unnatural.	n	(251) A hau ǀai ng tya ǀaake he ha xng ǂqaua. ‘Then she takes (some of) the crushed berries.’ ★
U Promotion of direct object to oblique more info	NNever		n
U Addition of oblique more info	NNever		n	(250) Gǀa dyee ng ǀai ng nǀng? ‘How (=why) do you touch me?’ ★
U Deletion of oblique more info	NNever		n
U Promotion of oblique to indirect object more info	NNever		n
U Theme as instrument instead of oblique more info	NNever		n
U Addition of instrument/comitative more info	NNever	This is possible (cf. ex. 248) but we regard the COM/INST as an adjunct.	n
C Demotion of indirect object to oblique (via SVC)	NNever		y
C Deletion of indirect object	NNever		y
U Locative shift: goal as direct object (instead of theme) with the theme coded as instrumental/comitative	NNever		n
U Locative shift: theme as direct object (instead of goal)	NNever		n
C Coded causative + addition of oblique	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ǀai (1)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples