gms

Coding frame

1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1]

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(61)

Togam kanam wénngama ygmenda.

tog-am

child-ERG

kanam

snake(ABS)

wén-ngama

stick-ABL

y-gme-nda

3sgU:α-hit-ND:PST.PF:3sgA

‘The child hit/beat the snake with a stick.’

★

(63)

Yna är bä ym ymam kanam ygmenda.

yna

DEM

är

man(ABS)

bä

STAT

y-m

3sg:α-be

ymam

3sgERG

kanam

snake(ABS)

y-gme-nda

3sgU:α-kill-ND:PST.PF:3sgA

‘This is the man who killed the snake.’

★

(64)

Togam kanam krtas ygmenda.

tog-am

child-ERG

kanam

snake(ABS)

kr-ta-s

death-ALL-only

y-gme-nda

3sgU:α-hit/kill-ND:PST.PF:3sgA

‘The boy killed the snake.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BEAT	HIT	KILL	Coding set	Argument type
1	beater	hitter	killer	NP-erg & V.act	A
2	beatee	hittee	killee	NP-abs & und.V	P
3	beating instrument	hitting instrument	killing instrument	NP-abl	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
U Pseudo-passive more info	RRegularly	n	(62) Ynd padaran wgmenda. ‘I got hit on the shoulder.’ ★
C Reflexive/reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(208) Yna sombes är nägmt. ‘Those two men are fighting. (Could be hitting each other, or also fighting by other means).’ ★
C Middle more info	–No data	y
U Allative alternation more info	–No data	n
U Dative addition more info	–No data	n
C Dative alternation more info	–No data	y
C Deagentive alternation more info	–No data	y
C Autobenefactive more info	–No data	y
C Reciprocal (copular version) more info	–No data	y
U Middle object addition more info	–No data	n
C Object omission more info	–No data	y
C Causative more info	–No data	y
C Placement alternation more info	–No data	y
C Assume.position alternation more info	–No data	y
C Middle object-downgrading alternation more info	–No data	y
U Locative alternation more info	–No data	n
U Adjunct addition more info	–No data	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

gms

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples