warams

Coding frame

1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1]

Complex Verb form

Examples

(29)

Ymam wagib tagta waramanda.

ymam

3sgERG

wagib

fish

tagta

1sgDAT

w-a-rama-nd-a

1sgU-BEN-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF

‘She gave me a fish.’

★

(31)

Ymam wagib yaramanda wawapsereita.

ymam

3sgERG

wagib

fish

y-arama-nd-a

3sgU-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF

wawapser-eita

teacher-DAT1

‘She gave the teacher the fish (and it reached him).’

★

(35)

Ynd sombes ärbet ämbs wagib yawaraman.

ynd

1sgERG

sombes

two

ärbet

man:DU.DAT1

ämbs

one

wagib

fish

yaw-aram-a-n

3nsgU:α-fish-DU:PF-1sgA

‘I gave the two men a fish.’

★

(28)

Ymam wagib yaramanda (wawapapserei).

ymam

3sgERG

wagib

fish

y-a-rama-nd-a

3sgU-BEN-give-ND:PF-3sgA:PST.PF

wawapser-ei

teacher-OBL

‘She gave a fish to him (to the teacher).’

★

(30)

Ymam wagib ta waramanda.

ymam

3sgERG

wagib

fish

1sgOBL

w-arama-nd-a

1sgU-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF

‘She gave me a fish.’

★

(34)

Ynd nambis ärt wagib yawaramandn.

ynd

1sgERG

nambis

three

är-t

man-PL:OBL

wagib

fish

yaw-arama-nd-n

3nsgU:α-give-ND:PF-1sgA

‘I gave the three men a fish.’

★

(210)

Tnrama!

t-n-rama-ø

3sgU:α-TOW-give/do(PF)-PF.IMP.2sgA

‘Give it here!’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	GIVE	Coding set	Argument type
1	giver	NP-erg & V.act	X
2	gift	NP-abs	X
3	giving recipient	NP-dat & und.V	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
U Allative alternation more info	–No data	n
C Reflexive/reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Middle more info	–No data	y
U Dative addition more info	–No data	n
C Dative alternation more info	RRegularly	y	(211) Tängramae! ‘Give those two things (away)!’ ★
C Deagentive alternation more info	–No data	y
C Autobenefactive more info	–No data	y
U Pseudo-passive more info	–No data	n
C Reciprocal (copular version) more info	–No data	y
U Middle object addition more info	–No data	n
C Object omission more info	–No data	y
C Causative more info	–No data	y
C Placement alternation more info	–No data	y
C Assume.position alternation more info	–No data	y
C Middle object-downgrading alternation more info	–No data	y
U Locative alternation more info	–No data	n
U Adjunct addition more info	–No data	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

warams

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples