Examples of Nen
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Ämengama äräm toge yaparnda. äme-ngama mat-ABL är-äm man-ERG toge child(ABS) y-apar-nd-a 3sgU:α-cover-PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘The man covered the child with the mat.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
1 |
(2) Ynd nungama kap yapndn. ynd 1sgERG nu-ngama water-ABL kap cup(ABS) y-ap-nd-n 3sgU:α-fill-PST.PF-1sgA ‘I filled the cup with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
2 |
(3) Ynd nawapnan. ynd 1sgABS n-aw-ap-na-n M:α-RR-cover-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I'm about to cover myself.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
3 |
(4) Kap nungama wapsmne ym. kap cup nu-ngama water-ABL wap-s-mne fill-NLZR-ORIG y-m 3sgU-be ‘The cup has been filled with water.’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form waps | 4 |
(5) Kmboke rkrk ws geym nu(ngama) apst korkorp ym. kmboke neck rkrk narrow ws bottle geym FOC nu-ngama water-ABL ø-ap-s-t M.INF-fill-INF-ALL korkorp difficult y-m 3sgU-be ‘The small-necked bottle is difficult to fill.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Middle |
5 |
(6) Kmboke marete ws nu(ngama) apst pitas ym. kmboke neck marete broad ws bottle nu-ngama water-ABL ø-ap-s-t M.INF-fill-NLZR-ALL pitas enough y-m 3sgU-be ‘The broad-necked bottle is easy to fill.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Middle |
6 |
(7) Kap nungama apsere ym. kap cup nu-ngama water-ABL apsere full y-m 3sgU-be ‘The cup is full of water.’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form waps | 7 |
(8) Ynd yande tnd sombes embaewn. ynd 1sgERG yande 3sgGEN tnd hand sombes two e-mbae-w-n 2/3nsgU-tie-sgA\duU:IPF-1sgA ‘I'm tying up both his hands.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
8 |
(9) Wmbaes tsne! w-mbae-s TR.INF-tie-NLZR t-sne-ø 3sgU:β-start-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Start tying it!’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form wmbaes | 9 |
(10) Ymam kapngama nu yazrnda. ymam 3sgERG kap-ngama cup-ABL nu water y-azr-nd-a 3sgU:α-pour-PST.PF:ND-3sgA:PST.PF ‘He poured the water out of the cup.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
10 |
(11) Ymam yna nne wazrst yngapapnda. ymam 3sgERG yna DEM nne yam wazr-s-t carry-NLZR-ALL y-ng-apap-nd-a 3sgU:α-AW-try-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘He's trying to carry all those yams.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
11 |
(12) Nu kapngama nazrnda. nu water kap-ngama cup-ABL n-azr-nd-a M:α-pour-PF:ND-3sgA:PST.PF ‘The water has poured out of the cup.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Middle |
12 |
(13) Nazne. n-az-n-e M:α-pour-ND:IPF-3sgA:B.IPF ‘It's pouring out of the cup.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Middle |
13 |
(14) Ynd ḡénzér kp wenda benama tuwitan kunzt. ynd 1sgERG ḡénzér_kp stone wenda window ben-ama hole-PERL t-uwi-ta-n 3sgU:β-throw-ND:IPF-1sgA kunz-t inside-ALL ‘I threw the stone inside, through the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (LOC3) und[2].V.act[1] |
14 |
(15) Ynd ḡénzér kp tuwitan smasma tnamtan. ynd 1sgERG ḡénzér_kp stone t-uwi-ta-n 3sgU:β-throw-ND:IPF-1sgA smasma goanna t-nam-ta-n 3sgU:β-hit.at.a.distance-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I threw a stone at the goanna and hit it.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (LOC3) und[2].V.act[1] |
15 |
(16) Ynd ḡénzér kp tuwitan smasma tltan. ynd 1sgERG ḡénzér_kp stone t-uwi-ta-n 3sgU:β-throw-ND.IPF-1sgA smasma goanna t-lt-a-n 3sgU:β-miss-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I threw a stone at the goanna and missed.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (LOC3) und[2].V.act[1] |
16 |
(17) Ynd wawapserepap buk aba ynrenzan. ynd 1sgERG wawapser-epap teacher-DAT2 buk book aba IMM y-n-renz-a-n 3sgU:α-TOW-carry-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I brought/carried the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
17 |
(18) Ynd begta aba ynrenzan. ynd 1sgERG begta 2sgDAT1 aba IMM y-n-renz-a-n 3sgU:α-TOW-carry-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I brought it for you.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
18 |
(19) Togetoge tapap tnrenza! toge child(ABS) tapap 1sgDAT2 t-n-menz-a 3sgU:β-TOW-lead-IPF.IMP.sg ‘Bring the child to me!’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
19 |
(20) Ymam kiémbngama wngrenze moett. ymam 3sgERG kiémb-ngama truck-ABL w-ng-renz-e 1sgU:α-AW-carry-ND:IPF:3sgA moet-t Morehead-ALL ‘He took me to Morehead in a truck.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
Allative alternation |
20 |
(21) Ymam bepapt toge bä ynrenze. ymam 3sgERG bepapt 3sgALL toge child bä FUT y-n-renz-e 3sgU:α-TOW-carry-ND:BEN.IPF:3sgA ‘He will take the child to him/her.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
Allative alternation |
21 |
(22) Ynd ḡénzér kp tande anaipap yngatembandn. ynd 1sgERG ḡénzér_kp money tande 1sgGEN an-aipap older.brother-DAT2 y-ng-atemba-nd-n 3sgU:α-AW-send-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I send the money to my brother.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
22 |
(23) Ynd totr yngatembetan. ynd 1sgERG totr now y-ng-atembe-ta-n 3sgU:α-AW-send-ND:B.IPF-1sgA ‘I'm sending it now.’ |
★ | SEND | the Verb form watembs | 23 |
(24) Bñe ynd te yngatembandn. bñe letter ynd 1sgERG te CPL y-ng-atemb-and-n 3sgU:α-AW-send-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I've already sent the letter.’ |
★ | SEND | the Verb form watembs | 24 |
(25) Yngtrnandn. y-ng-tr-na-nd-n 3sgU:α-AW-send-ND:B.IPF-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I sent him (a letter).’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
25 |
(26) Ynd bñe dumni noträrm. ynd 1nsgABS bñe letter(ABS) dumni always n-o-trär-m M:α-RR-send-1nsgA ‘We used to send each other letters.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
26 |
(27) Yngäberetandn wäberes. y-ng-äbere-ta-nd-n 3sgU:α-AW-send-ND:B.IPF-ND:PST.PF-1sgA w-äbere-s TR.INF-send-NLZR ‘I sent him away (for being bad).’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
27 |
(28) Ymam wagib yaramanda (wawapapserei). ymam 3sgERG wagib fish y-a-rama-nd-a 3sgU-BEN-give-ND:PF-3sgA:PST.PF wawapser-ei teacher-OBL ‘She gave a fish to him (to the teacher).’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form warams | 28 |
(29) Ymam wagib tagta waramanda. ymam 3sgERG wagib fish tagta 1sgDAT w-a-rama-nd-a 1sgU-BEN-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘She gave me a fish.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1] |
29 |
(30) Ymam wagib ta waramanda. ymam 3sgERG wagib fish ta 1sgOBL w-arama-nd-a 1sgU-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘She gave me a fish.’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form warams | 30 |
(31) Ymam wagib yaramanda wawapsereita. ymam 3sgERG wagib fish y-arama-nd-a 3sgU-give-ND:PST.PF-3sgA:PST.PF wawapser-eita teacher-DAT1 ‘She gave the teacher the fish (and it reached him).’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1] |
31 |
(32) Ymam {wawapsereita/yagta} wagib yayabnda. ymam 3sgERG {wawapser-eita/yagta} {teacher-DAT1/3sgDAT1} wagib fish y-ayab-nda 3sgU:α-show-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘She showed the fish to the teacher / to him.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
32 |
(33) Yna äräm ag sombes yawayabae. yna DEM är-äm man-ERG ag coconut sombes two ya-wa-yab-ae 3nsgU:α-BEN-show-3A\duU:PF:PST.PF ‘That man showed (him) two coconuts.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Dative alternation |
33 |
(34) Ynd nambis ärt wagib yawaramandn. ynd 1sgERG nambis three är-t man-PL:OBL wagib fish yaw-arama-nd-n 3nsgU:α-give-ND:PF-1sgA ‘I gave the three men a fish.’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form warams | 34 |
(35) Ynd sombes ärbet ämbs wagib yawaraman. ynd 1sgERG sombes two ärbet man:DU.DAT1 ämbs one wagib fish yaw-aram-a-n 3nsgU:α-fish-DU:PF-1sgA ‘I gave the two men a fish.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1] |
35 |
(36) Ymam ybegta ag yawayabnda. ymam 3sgERG ybegta 3nsgDAT1 ag coconut ya-wayab-nda 3nsgU:α-show-ND:PF:3sgA ‘He showed them the coconut.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Dative alternation |
36 |
(37) Ymam ybegta ag yawayabae. ymam 3sgERG ybegta 3nsgDAT1 ag coconut yaw-ayab-ae 3nsgU:α-show-DU:PF:3sgA\duU ‘He showed the two of them one coconut.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
37 |
(38) Yna togam yadmaepapngama wagib ykapanda a yanenda. yna DEM togam child:ERG yadma-epap-ngama 3sg:mother-DAT2-ABL wagib fish y-kap-anda 3sgU:α-pick_up-ND:PST.PF:3sgA a and y-ane-nda 3sgU:α-carry-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The child got/took the fish from his mother.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-dat-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
38 |
(39) Yna togam tande naepa ynganenda. yna DEM togam child:ERG tande 1sgPOSS naepa knife(ABS) y-ng-ane-nda 3sgU-AW-carry-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘This child took my knife.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form renzas | 39 |
(40) Ämbs äräm kiémb yanenda. ämbs one är-äm man-ERG kiémb pig y-ane-nda 3sgU:α-carry-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘A man is carrying a pig.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form renzas | 40 |
(41) Ynd boraro ke neretan. ynd 1sgABS boraro bamboo.flute ke sound n-ere-ta-n M:α-hear-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I can hear the sound of a bamboo flute.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Middle object-downgrading alternation |
41 |
(42) Är togam yrninda ämb ärände nne. är person togam child(ERG) y-rni-nda 3sgU:α-steal-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ämb one ärä-nde man-GEN nne food ‘The boy stole a man's food.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
42 |
(43) Yna samban ärm ybenzo-ybenzos nne yrnitat. yna DEM samba-n village-LOC är-m man-PL:ERG ybenzo_ybenzos each.other's nne food y-rni-ta-t 3sgU:α-steal-ND:IPF-3nsgA ‘In that village people steal each other's food.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
43 |
(44) Yndbem ganzan kp tengernitam depi ärbende brbrmne. yndbem 1nsgERG ganzan_kp sacred_stone te-ng-erni-ta-m 3nsgU-AW-hide-ND:IPF-1nsgA depi foreigner är-bende person-PL:GEN brbr-mne fear-ORIG ‘We hid the sacred stones from the foreigners / for fear of the foreigners.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
44 |
(45) Ymam yta nne wérnist yapapnda. ymam 3sgERG yta in.vain nne food w-érni-s-t TR.INF-hide-NLZR-ALL y-apap-nda 3sgU:α-begin-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘He was about to steal/hide the food.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
45 |
(46) Yna togetoge nernendt. yna DEM togetoge children n-e-rne-nd-t M:α-RR-hide-ND:PST.PF-3nsgA ‘The children hid.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
46 |
(47) Ymam yéb tr ydrernda. ymam 3sgERG yéb bag tr handle y-drer-nda 3sgU:α-tear-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘He tore the handle from the bag.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
47 |
(48) Yna yéb nedrernda. yna DEM yéb bag n-e-drer-nda M:α-DA-tear-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘This bag tore.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
48 |
(49) Yna yéb edrersmne ym. yna DEM yéb bag e-drer-s-mne DA-tear-NLZR-ORIG y-m 3sg:α-be ‘This bag got torn.’ |
★ | TEAR | the Verb form drers | 49 |
(50) Yna kendngama mupi yländn. yna DEM kend-ngama paperbark-ABL mupi mud y-län-d-n 3sgU:α-wipe-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I wiped the mud with the bark.’ |
★ | WIPE | the Verb form läns | 50 |
(51) Ynd mupi ämewan yländn. ynd 1sgERG mupi mud(ABS) äme-wan mat-LOC y-län-d-n 3sgU:α-wipe-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I wiped the mud off the mat.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-loc und[2].V.act[1] |
51 |
(52) Parwae pip yñptan. parwae animal pip meat(ABS) y-ñp-ta-n 3sgU:α-cut-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I cut (up) the animal meat.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
52 |
(53) Bä nawañpt. bä 3ABS n-aw-añp-ø-t M:α-RR-cut-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘The two of them are cutting themselves/each other.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
53 |
(54) Ynd kaepan neñpandn. ynd 1sgABS kaep-an leg-LOC n-e-ñpa-nd-n M:α-DA-cut-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I got/cut on the leg.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
54 |
(55) Bä neñpanda. bä 3ABS n-e-ñpa-nda M:α-DA-cut-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘He got cut. / He cut himself.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
55 |
(56) Ynd parwae pip bende nuñpandn. ynd 1sgERG parwae animal pip meat bende 2sgGEN n-u-ñpa-nd-n M:α-AB-cut-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I cut a piece of your meat for myself.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
56 |
(57) Är togam mleg toge tndan enzanda. ärtog-am boy-ERG mlegtoge girl(ABS) tnd-an hand-LOC ø-enza-nda 3sgU:α-touch-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The boy touched the girl on the hand.’ |
★ | TOUCH | the Verb form wenzas | 57 |
(58) Togam wénngama kanam enzanda. tog-am child-ERG wén-ngama stick-ABL kanam snake(ABS) ø-enza-nda 3sgU:α-touch-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The boy touched the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
58 |
(59) Sombes wlwl newenzt. sombes two wlwl pole n-ew-enz-ø-t M:α-RR-touch-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘The two poles are touching each other.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
59 |
(60) Mémbenan ynd tanzos newenzan. mémben-an nose-LOC ynd 1sgABS tanzos 1sgRR n-ew-enz-a-n M:α-RR-touch-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I am touching myself on the nose.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
60 |
(61) Togam kanam wénngama ygmenda. tog-am child-ERG kanam snake(ABS) wén-ngama stick-ABL y-gme-nda 3sgU:α-hit-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The child hit/beat the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
61 |
(62) Ynd padaran wgmenda. ynd 1sgABS padar-an shoulder-LOC w-gme-nda 1sgU:α-hit-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘I got hit on the shoulder.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Pseudo-passive |
62 |
(63) Yna är bä ym ymam kanam ygmenda. yna DEM är man(ABS) bä STAT y-m 3sg:α-be ymam 3sgERG kanam snake(ABS) y-gme-nda 3sgU:α-kill-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘This is the man who killed the snake.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
63 |
(64) Togam kanam krtas ygmenda. tog-am child-ERG kanam snake(ABS) kr-ta-s death-ALL-only y-gme-nda 3sgU:α-hit/kill-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The boy killed the snake.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
64 |
(65) Ynd ämbs kanga bleble yräbärndn. ynd 1sgERG ämbs one kanga ladder bleble step y-räbär-nd-n 3sgU:α-break-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I broke a step of the ladder.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
65 |
(66) Yna wén mngär äräbärser ym. yna DEM wén stick mngär quickly ä-räbär-s-er DA-break-NLZR-AGN y-m 3sgU:α-be ‘This wood breaks easily.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
66 |
(67) Ämbs kanga ble näräbärnda. ämbs one kanga ladder ble step n-ä-räbär-nda M:α-DA-break-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘One step of the ladder broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
67 |
(68) Yna äräm kend mnḡ tramte. yna DEM är-äm man-ERG kend paperbark mnḡ house(ABS) t-ram-t-e 3sgU:α-build-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘The man built a paperbark house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
68 |
(69) Yao ämb zi aba nowabtan mlegeipap. yao NEG ämb any zi word(ABS) aba RCN n-owab-ta-n M:α-say-ND:IPF-1sgA mleg-eipap girl-DAT2 ‘I didn't say anything to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-abs 3-dat V.act[1] |
69 |
(70) Bm Blag wagib dbnan terna! bm 2sgERG Blag Blag(ABS) wagib fish dbnan because_of t-er-na-ø 3sgU:β-shout.out.to-ND:IPF-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘You shout out to Blag because of the fish!’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
70 |
(71) Bm Blag terna! bm 2sgERG Blag Blag(ABS) t-er-na-ø 3sgU:β-shout.out.to-ND:IPF-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Shout at Blag (e.g. not to do something)!’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
71 |
(72) Blag ternang mnegta sesat osns yao bä guñpanga. Blag Blag t-er-na-ng 3sgU:β-shout.out.to-ND:IPF-2pl.IPF:IMP mnegta in.order.to ses-at church-ALL osn-s visit-NMLZ yao NEG bä 3ABS g-u-ñpa-nga M:γ-AB-cut-FUT.PF.3sgA ‘Shout out/command to Blag not to miss/skip church.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT | the Verb form weräns | 72 |
(73) Bm ke kotna Blagepap wagibta! bm 2sgABS ke noise(ABS) k-ot-na-ø M:β-make.noise-ND:IPF-IMP Blag-epap Blag-DAT2 wagib-ta fish-DAT1 ‘Shout out to Blag for fish!’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat V.act[1] |
73 |
(74) Ymam zi (tagta) qawaete. ymam 3sgERG zi word tagta 1sgDAT q-awae-t-e 1sgU:β-tell-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘He told (me) a story.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1] |
74 |
(75) Bä zi nowabte. bä 3sgABS zi word n-owab-t-e M:α-talk-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘He is talking.’ |
★ | SAY | the Verb form owabs | 75 |
(76) Är togaepap zi aba nowabte mlegändemne. är man(ABS) tog-aepap child-DAT2 zi word(ABS) aba RCN n-owab-t-e M:α-talk-ND:IPF-3sgA mleg-ände-mne girl-GEN-ORIG ‘The man talked to the boy about the girl.’ |
★ | SAY | the Verb form owabs | 76 |
(77) Ynd ymtendn bä ylst. ynd 1sgERG y-mte-nd-n 3sgU:α-tell-ND:PST.PF-1sgA bä FUT yls-t go(INF)-ALL ‘I told him to go.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-all und[2].V.act[1] |
77 |
(78) Ynd Idaba yémtandn, yande/yanzo dmab dgan ym, kkpan o wrngan ym. ynd 1sgERG Idaba Idaba y-ém-ta-nd-n 3sgU-ask-ND:IPF-ND:PST.PF-1sgA yande/yanzo 3sgGEN/3sgRR dmab woman dga-n where-LOC y-m 3sgU:α-be kkp-an garden-LOC o or wrng-an forest-LOC y-m 3sgU:α-be ‘I asked Idaba where his wife was, in the garden or in the forest.’ |
★ | ASK FOR | the Verb form wémés | 78 |
(79) Yna är bä mete ym yna toge. yna DEM är man bä FUT mete know y-m 3sgU:α-be:ND yna DEM toge child ‘The man knows that boy.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-abs und[1].V |
79 |
(80) Yna är sombes bä ybenzos mete yären. yna DEM är man sombes two bä 3ABS ybenzos 3nsgRR mete know yä-ren 3nsg:α-be:DU ‘Those two men know each other.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Reciprocal (copular version) |
80 |
(81) Ynd bi {rts/ogyabs} mete wm. ynd 1sgABS bi sago(ABS) {rt-s/ogyab-s} {beat-NLZR/work-NLZR} mete know w-m 1sgU:α-be:ND ‘I know how to beat/work sago.’ |
★ | KNOW | the Verb form mete | 81 |
(82) Ynd mete te nämtendn, bä bä ynm. ynd 1sgABS mete know te already n-ämte-nd-n M:α-become-ND:PST.PF-1sgA bä 3ABS bä FUT y-n-m 3sgU:α-TOW-be ‘I knew he would come.’ |
★ | KNOW | the Verb form mete | 82 |
(83) Ynd kae yinḡndn. ynd 1sgERG kae ±one.day y-inḡ-nd-n 3sgU:α-see-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I saw him yesterday.’ |
★ | SEE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
83 |
(84) Bm ynd kae tnakate. bm 2sgERG ynd 1nsgABS kae ±one.day tn-aka-t-e 1nsgU:β-look.at-ND:IPF-B.IPF.3sgA ‘You saw us yesterday.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
84 |
(85) Kae aqa bä nawakaewm. kae ±one.day aqa again bä FUT n-aw-akae-w-m M:α-RR-see-DU:B.IPF-1nsgA ‘We'll see each other again tomorrow.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
85 |
(86) Ynd tanzos kae kawakatan. ynd 1sgABS tanzos 1sgRR kae ±one.day k-aw-aka-ta-n M:β-RR-look.at-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I saw myself yesterday (e.g. a picture of myself).’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
86 |
(87) Ynd ämbygn te niwinḡanzm. ynd 1sgABS ämbygn ±one.year te already n-iw-inḡ-anz-m M:α-RR-see-DU:PRET-1nsgA ‘We saw each other last year.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
87 |
(88) Ynd wén trmb bmbo yakatan. ynd 1sgERG wén tree trmb_bmbo flower(ABS) y-aka-ta-n 3sgU:α-look.at-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I looked at the flower.’ |
★ | LOOK AT | the Verb form wakaes | 88 |
(89) Tänm bm kawakatang! tä-n-m 2/3nsg:β-TOW-be bm 2ABS k-aw-aka-ta-ng M:β-RR-look.at-ND:IPF-2pl.IPF:IMP ‘Come(PL) and look at yourselves/each other!’ |
★ | LOOK AT | the Verb form wakaes | 89 |
(90) Yna äräm gasa brbrba wetst yapapnda. yna DEM är-äm man-ERG gasa crocodile brbr-ba fear-COM wet-s-t make-NLZR-ALL y-apap-nda 3sgU:α-begin-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘That man is going to frighten the crocodile.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
90 |
(91) Ynd yta ele sermban bba närtan, ämb yao nen yingowndn. ynd 1sgABS yta in.vain ele hunting sermba-n night-LOC bba PREV n-är-ta-n M:α-hunt-ND:B.IPF-1sgA ämb one yao NEG nen what y-ing-nd-n 3sgU:α-see-ND:PST.PF-1sgA ‘I went out hunting last night, but didn't find anything.’ |
★ | HUNT (FOR) |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
91 |
(92) Ynd nembnaman ämb ygn. ynd 1sgABS n-emb-nama-n M:α-think-ND:PRIM-1sgA ämbygn ±one.year ‘I was thinking of something last year (it took me a long time to figure it out).’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
92 |
(93) Ynd bm kae bä nawabatan. ynd 1sgABS bm 2sgABS kae ±one.day bä FUT n-aw-aba-ta-n M:α-RR-think.of-ND:B.IPF-1sgA ‘I will think of you tomorrow.’ |
★ | THINK | the Verb form wabaes | 93 |
(94) Är togam mleg mñteba yakate. ärtog-am boy-ERG mleg girl mñte-ba sweetness-COM y-aka-t-e 3sgU:α-look.at-ND:B.IPF-3sgA ‘The boy likes/loves the girl.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
94 |
(95) Är togam angan räms mñteba yakate. ärtog-am boy-ERG angan song ø-räm-s TR.INF-make-NLZR(ABS) mñte-ba sweetness-COM y-aka-t-e 3sgU:α-look.at-ND:B.IPF-3sgA ‘That boy likes singing.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
95 |
(96) Ynd ki yta aba yrnzani. ynd 1sgERG ki key yta in.vain aba RCN y-rnz-a-n 3sgU:α-look.for-ND:B.IPF-1sgA ‘I looked for the key in vain.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
96 |
(97) Yna äräm trnze yande äprnḡsmne toge. yna DEM är-äm man-ERG t-rnz-e 3sgU:α-look.for-ND:IPF:3sgA yande 3sgGEN äprnḡ-s-mne be.lost-NLZR-ORIG toge child ‘The man looked in vain for his lost son.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
97 |
(98) Grmbo diya ele aba närte sermban. Grmbo Grmbo(ABS) diya deer(ABS) ele hunting aba RCN n-är-te M:α-hunt-ND:B.IPF.3sgA sermb-an night-LOC ‘Grmbo went hunting for a deer in the night.’ |
★ | HUNT (FOR) |
an Alternation:
Middle object addition |
98 |
(99) Ymam mleg ybätnda wrng endn adwae. ymam 3sgERG mleg girl y-bät-nda 3sgU:α-meet-ND:PST.PF:3sgA wrng forest end-n path-LOC adwae secretly ‘The man secretly met the girl in the forest path.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
99 |
(100) Bä mlegäba näbätangand wrngendn adwae. bä 3ABS mleg-äba girl-COM n-ä-bäta-ngand M:α-RR-meet-FUT.PF.3duA wrng forest end-n path-LOC adwae secretly ‘He and the girl will meet in secret on a forest path.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
100 |
(101) Ynd tande ägmser äräba kiwinḡam déḡdéḡan wrng endn. ynd 1sgABS tande 1sgGEN ägmser enemy är-äba person-COM k-iw-inḡ-a-m M:β-RR-meet-DU:PF-1nsgA déḡdéḡan accidentally wrng forest end-n path-LOC ‘I accidentally met my enemy on a bush track.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
101 |
(102) Yna äräm mleg yngaetnda. yna DEM är-äm man-ERG mleg girl y-ng-aet-nda 3sgU:α-AW-follow-ND:PST.PF:3sgA ‘The man followed the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
102 |
(103) Nambis toge suris nawaetat. nambis three toge child suris straight n-aw-aet-a-t M:α-RR-follow-ND:IPF-3nsgA ‘The three children are following each other in a straight line.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
103 |
(104) Bä powangama nowaete. bä 3ABS powa-ngama behind-ABL n-o-wae-t-e M:α-DI-follow-ND:B.IPF-3sgA ‘He is following behind.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
104 |
(105) Buder, ta qetena! buder friend ta 1sgOBL q-ete-na-ø 1sgU:β-help-ND:B.IPF-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Friend, help me!’ |
★ | HELP | the Verb form wetrs | 105 |
(106) Yesu, {tagta/ta} qetena! Yesu Jesus {tagta/ta} {1sgDAT1/1sgOBL} q-ete-na-ø 1sgU:β-help-ND:B.IPF-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Jesus, help me!’ |
★ | HELP | the Verb form wetrs | 106 |
(107) Är yna samban wgd weterser yngm. är person yna DEM samba-n village-LOC wgd good w-eter-s-er TR.INF-help-NLZR-AGN y-ng-m 3sgU:α-AW-be:ND ‘People in this village help each other.’ |
★ | HELP | the Verb form wetrs | 107 |
(108) Ynd ärboloeta etenan kanga armbsn. ynd 1sgERG ärbolo-eta old.man-DAT1 ø-ete-na-n 3sgU:α-help-ND:B.IPF-1sgA kanga ladder armb-s-n climb-NLZR-LOC ‘I helped the old man climb the ladder.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-obl und[2].V.act[1] |
108 |
(109) Togam nne aba ynete. tog-am child-ERG nne yam aba IMM y-ne-t-e 3sgU:α-eat-ND:B.IPF-3sgA ‘The child ate the yam.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
109 |
(110) Gers kmangrer zän täwänete ybenzos. gers hunger kmangr-er sleep-AGN zän dog täw-ä-ne-te 3nsgU:α-RR-eat-ND:IPF:3sgA ybenzos 3nsgRR ‘The starving dogs eat one another.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
110 |
(111) Ynd zéḡ sombes yasnan. ynd 1sgERG zéḡ rope sombes two(ABS) ya-sn-a-n 3nsgU:α-tie-DU:PF-1sgA ‘I tied two ropes.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
111 |
(112) Nesnenda. n-e-sne-nda M:α-DA-tie-ND:PF:3sgA ‘It got hooked/tied.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
112 |
(113) Ag ydarndn. ag coconut y-dar-nd-n 3sgU:α-break-ND:PF-1sgA ‘I broke the coconut open.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
113 |
(114) Ur kp yanzos nadarnda. ur bushfowl kp egg yanzos 3sgRR n-a-dar-nd-a M:α-RR-break-ND:PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘The bushfowl egg got broken.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
114 |
(115) Mlegäm toge selemingama tamanete. mleg-äm girl-ERG toge child(ABS) selemi-ngama clothes-ABL t-amane-te 3sgU:α-dress-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The girl dressed the child.’ |
★ | DRESS |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
115 |
(116) Yna mleg komanete selemingama. yna DEM mleg girl k-o-mane-te M:β-AB-dress-ND:IPF:3sgA selemi-ngama clothes-ABL ‘The girl got dressed.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
116 |
(117) Yna mlegäm toge anu kae témbni. yna DEM mleg-äm girl-ERG toge child anu bathing kae ±one.day t-émb-ni 3sgU:β-wash-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The girl washed the child yesterday.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
117 |
(118) Är kae kumbni anu. är man kae ±one.day k-u-mb-ni M:β-AB-wash-ND:IPF:3sgA anu bathe ‘The man washed/bathed yesterday.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
118 |
(119) Är momae ke kotne. är man(ABS) momae mucus ke noise k-ot-ne M:β-make.noise-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The man coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
119 |
(120) Är karmbte lädawama. är man(ABS) k-armb-te M:β-ascend-ND:IPF:3sgA läda-wama ladder-COM ‘The man climbed the ladder (ascended by means of the ladder).’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-com V.act[1] |
120 |
(121) Äräm toge tarmbte lädawama kitara tqt. är-äm man-ERG toge child(ABS) t-armb-te 3sgU:β-ascend-ND:IPF:3sgA läda-wama ladder-COM kitara platform tq-t high-ALL ‘The man took the child up the ladder onto the balcony.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Causative |
121 |
(122) Är kae namnznda ämewan. är man(ABS) kae ±one.day n-am<n>z-nda M:α-sit<ND>-ND:PF:3sgA äme-wan mat-LOC ‘The man sat (down) on the mat yesterday.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs (2-loc) V.act[1] |
122 |
(123) Bä ämewan aba erengr. bä 3sgABS äme-wan mat-LOC aba RCN ere-ngr sit-ND:STAT ‘He was sitting on the mat (not long ago).’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
123 |
(124) Kae toge sombes äräm emzae ämiwan. kae ±one.day toge child(ABS) sombes two är-äm man-ERG e-mz-a-e 3nsgU:α-sit-DU:PF-3A\3duU ämi-wan mat-LOC ‘The man sat the two children on the mat yesterday.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
124 |
(125) Ynd gtets aba nlintan Dimsisi sambat. ynd 1sgABS gtets that.far aba RCN n-lin-ta-n M:α-run-ND:IPF-1sgA Dimsisi Dimsisi samba-t village-ALL ‘I ran all the way to Dimsisi village.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
125 |
(126) Ynd kätnan tñat. ynd 1sgABS k-ätn-a-n M:β-jump.up-ND:IPF-1sgA tñ-at fence-ALL ‘I jumped onto the fence.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
126 |
(127) Togetoge izersn nbrmete. togetoge children(ABS) izer-s-n play-NLZR-LOC n-brme-te M:α-jump-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The children were playing, jumping.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
127 |
(128) Är toge samban derengron. är person toge child samba-n village-LOC d-ere-ngr-on 3sgU:γ-sit-ND:STAT-PST ‘The boy lived in the village.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
128 |
(129) Är togam angan kae tramte. är person tog-am child-ERG angan song(ABS) kae ±one.day t-ram-te 3sgU:β-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The boy sang a song yesterday.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1-erg V.act[1] |
129 |
(130) Är togam mlegeita marirmarir angan aba yramte. är person tog-am child-ERG mleg-eita girl-DAT1 marirmarir love.song angan song aba RCN y-ram-te 3sgU:α-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The boy sang a love song for the girl.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Dative addition |
130 |
(131) Kae ämber toge má iparse niparnda endn. kae ±one.day ämber one toge child(ABS) má still iparse appearance n-ipar-nda M:α-appear-ND:PF:3sgA end-n road-LOC ‘Yesterday a boy appeared on the road.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
131 |
(132) Kae gte endn awiya kipane widmatane kogamnete. kae ±one.day gte there end-n road-LOC awiya cassowary k-ipa-ne M:β-appear-ND:IPF:3sgA widma-tane hand-side k-ogamne-te M:β-cross-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘Yesterday a cassowary suddenly appeared and passed to the other side of the road.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
132 |
(133) Enzul Meripap má iparse niparwe. enzul angel(ABS) Meri-pap Mary-DAT2 má still iparse appearance n-ipar-we M:α-appear-ND:PRET:3sgA ‘An angel appeared to Mary.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
an Alternation:
Dative addition |
133 |
(134) Ktktqébiwäm geä nzne, bm kr bä nm. ktktqébi-wäm taipan-ERG geä COND n-z-ne 2sgU-bite-ND:IPF:3sgA bm 2sgABS kr death bä FUT n-m 2sgU:α-be:ND ‘If a taipan bites you, you will die.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
134 |
(135) Wena 2006an mngr tqngama nuwiwi bandat. Wena Wena 2006-an 2006-LOC mngr two.leaf.tree tq-ngama high-ABL n-uwi-wi M:α-fall-ND:PRET:3sgA band-at ground-ALL ‘In 2006 Wena fell down to the ground from up in a two-leaf tree.’ |
★ | FALL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
135 |
(136) Nu rrkebas napamte. nu water rr-ke-ba-s swish-noise-COM-ADV n-apam-te M:α-rain-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘Rain is falling, making a swishing noise.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V |
136 |
(137) Binzawa yanzo togaepapn yétqën newete. Binzawa Binzawa yanzo 3sgRR togaepapn child:OBL:LOC yétqën name n-ew-et-e M:α-RR-end-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘Binzawa named his child / passed on his name to his child.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-abs (2-loc) V.act[1] |
137 |
(138) Ynd gersäm wramte. ynd 1sgABS gers-äm hunger-ERG w-ram-te 1sgU:α-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘I am hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
138 |
(139) Tande ps gbres enzinewäm yramte. tande 1sgGEN ps body gbres all enzine-wäm sickness-ERG y-ram-te 3sgU:α-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘My whole body is feeling sick.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
139 |
(140) Ynd weiwei-yäm w-ram-te. ynd 1sgABS weiwei-yäm sadness-ERG w-ram-te 1sgU-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘I feel sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
140 |
(141) Nu nrnde. nu water n-rn-de M:α-boil-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The water is boiling.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
141 |
(142) Naepa tnane! naepa knife(ABS) t-n-ane-ø 3sgU:β-TOW-carry-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Bring the knife!’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form renzas | 142 |
(143) Sombes bnzsn näkrert. sombes two bnz_sn firestick n-äkrär-ø-t M:α-burn-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘Two pieces of charcoal are burning.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
143 |
(144) Bnz nuzärnda. bnz fire n-uzär-nda M:α-flare.up-ND:PF:3sgA ‘The fire flared up; it's caught fire.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
144 |
(145) Ynd wngm sambaks bä dizerngn totr. ynd 1sgERG w-ng-m 1sgU:α-AW-be sambaks grassland bä FUT d-izer-ng-n 3sgU:γ-set.fire.to-ND:FUT-1sgA totr now ‘I'm going to burn the grassland today.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
145 |
(146) Bmbem nne tzweng bnzn! bmbem 2nsgERG nne food(ABS) t-z-we-ng 3sgU:α-cook-PF.ND-PF.IMP.2sgA bnz-n fire-LOC ‘You two cook food on the fire!’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
146 |
(147) Ymam wmtenda nne dust. ymam 3sgERG w-mte-nda 1sgU-tell-ND:PST.PF:3sgA nne food dus-t cook_in_ground_oven-ALL ‘He told me to cook the food.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
147 |
(148) Bmbem nne nozwt. bmbem 2nsgERG nne food(ABS) n-o-z-w-t M:α-AB-cook-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘You two are cooking for yourselves, cooking (for your own benefit).’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
148 |
(149) Toge e nende. toge child e crying n-en-de M:α-cry-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The baby is crying.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
149 |
(150) Ynd nendan. ynd 1sgABS n-en-da-n M:α-cry-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I cry.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
150 |
(151) Yndbem band bba ytarm. yndbem 1nsgERG band ground(ABS) bba RCN y-tar-ø-m 3sgU:α-dig-DU:IPF-1nsgA ‘The two of us dug the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
151 |
(152) Ynd brbräm wramte. ynd 1sgABS brbr-äm fear-ERG w-ram-te 1sgU-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘I'm feeling frightened.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
152 |
(153) Megdelinende mleg toge kérbér kitongäm yramte kapyép kunzn. Megdelin-ende Magdalen-GEN mleg girl toge child(ABS) kérbér cold kitong-äm big-ERG y-ram-te 3sgU:α-make-ND:IPF:3sgA kapyép baby.carrybag kunz-n inside-LOC ‘Magdalen's little girl felt really cold inside the baby sling.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
153 |
(154) Tande tnd kapkap tkretewäm wramte. tande 1sgGEN tnd hand kapkap palm tkrete-wäm pain-ERG w-ram-te 1sgU:α-make-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘The pains in my hand are hurting my whole body.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
154 |
(155) Ynd pan qérqér wzerst wngm. ynd 1sgABS pan_qérqér savannah w-zer-s-t TR.INF-burn.off-NLZR-ALL w-ng-m 1sgU-AW-be(ND) ‘I'm going to the savannah to burn off.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
155 |
(156) Ynd bén nurm. ynd 1sgABS bén laughter n-ur-ø-m M:α-laugh-DU:IPF-1nsgA ‘We two are laughing.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
156 |
(157) Ymam norte yande dmab. ymam 3sgERG n-or-te M:α-leave-ND:IPF:3sgA yande 3sgGEN dmab wife ‘He's left/divorced his wife.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs V.act[1] |
157 |
(158) Buder, ynd bende baskel yrgab tondn nnorndn. buder friend ynd 1sgERG bende 2sgGEN baskel bicycle yrgab river tond-n bank-LOC n-n-or-nd-n M:α-TOW-leave-ND:PF-1sgA ‘Friend, I left your bicycle by the river bank.’ |
★ | LEAVE | the Verb form ors | 158 |
(159) Ynd ybranḡtan tande dmab. ynd 1sgABS y-branḡ-ta-n 3sgU:α-leave-ND:PF-1sgA tande 1sgGEN dmab wife ‘I've left my wife.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
159 |
(160) Ynd nabranḡam. ynd 1sgABS n-a-branḡ-a-m M:α-RR-leave-DU:PF-1nsgA ‘We divorced (each other)/ left each other.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
160 |
(161) Togetogeyäbem Kmgonde tñ yramtat. togetoge-yäbem children-PL:ERG Kmgo-nde Kmgo-GEN tñ fence y-ram-ta-t 3sgU:α-make-ND:IPF-3nsgA ‘The boys are tying up Kamgo's fence.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
161 |
(162) Godm band kitong yaprtamanga. God-m God-ERG band ground kitong big(ABS) y-apr-tamanga 3sgU:α-make-ND:PRIM:3sgA ‘God made the earth.’ |
★ | MAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
162 |
(163) Kananga ge yétrert. kananga yam ge here y-étrer-ø-t 3sgU:α-scrape-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘She / the two of them are scraping the skin off the yam.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
163 |
(164) Sombes toge nizert. sombes two toge child n-izer-ø-t M:α-play-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘The two children are playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
164 |
(165) Yndbem yédéḡm yna wn bu. yndbem 1nsgERG y-édéḡ-ø-m 3sgU:α-push.aside-DU:IPF-1nsgA yna DEM wn_bu log ‘We (two) pushed the log aside.’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
165 |
(166) Ymam biskar katrowan ykmanda. ymam 3sgERG biskar cassava katro-wan black.palm-LOC y-kma-nda 3sgU:α-lie-ND:PF:3sgA ‘He put the cassava inside a black palm container.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
166 |
(167) Zimindi nnemne nne ämbs prta ykmangr yna sarnnḡ kunzn. Zimi-ndi Jimmy-GEN nne-mne eat-ORIG nne yam ämbs one prta 36 y-kma-ngr 3sgU:α-lie-ND:STAT yna DEM sarnḡ yam_house kunz-n inside-LOC ‘Here are 36 of Jimmy's eating yams inside the yam house.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Assume.position alternation |
167 |
(168) Bä kmangret äkmst nopapnda. bä 3sgABS kmangre-t sleep-ALL ä-km-s-t RR-lie-NLZR-ALL n-opap-nda M:α-begin-ND:PF:3sgA ‘He's about to go to sleep.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Placement alternation |
168 |
(169) Ynd yna yéb yanendn tande mitadmaepapn. ynd 1sgERG yna DEM yéb bag(ABS) y-ane-nd-n 3sgU:α-get-ND:PF-1sgA tande 1sgGEN mitadma-epapn aunt-LOC ‘I got this bag from my aunty.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-loc und[2].V.act[1] |
169 |
(170) Yndbem wn bu ypaewm. yndbem 1nsgERG wn_bu log y-pae-w-m 3sgU:α-roll-DU:IPF-1nsgA ‘We (two) rolled the log aside.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
170 |
(171) Yna är get ymnzngr. yna DEM är man get overlong y-m<n>z-ngr 3sgU:α-sit<ND>-STAT ‘That man is sitting.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
171 |
(172) Bm ämewan kamnz! bm 2sgABS äme-wan mat-LOC k-am<n>z-ø M:β-sit<ND>-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Sit on the mat!’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Assume.position alternation |
172 |
(173) Ynd ämewan ymnzndn. ynd 1sgERG äme-wan mat-LOC y-m<n>z-nd-n 3sgU:α-sit<ND>-ND:PF-1sgA ‘I sat it on the mat.’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
173 |
(174) Ynd bm wimb nambatan. ynd 1sgERG bm 2sgABS wimb smell(ABS) n-amba-ta-n 2sgU:α-smell-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I smell you.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
174 |
(175) Sombes zän nawambaewt. sombes two zän dog n-aw-ambae-w-t M:α-RR-smell-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘Two dogs are sniffing each other.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
175 |
(176) Ämb äräm tbe dene dnawapapte sarnḡ dene bä yangmbatang zḡngama. ämb one är-äm man-ERG tbe 1nsgOBL dene thus dn-awapap-t-e 1nsgU:γ-teach-ND:IPF-3sgA sarnḡ yam_house dene thus bä FUT ya-ng-mba-tang 3nsgU:α-AW-tie-ND:IPF:2pl.IMP zḡ-ngama string-ABL ‘He was teaching us to tie the door post string of a yam house with string.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Dative alternation |
176 |
(177) Ynd yawapaptan ybegta tande zi. ynd 1sgERG y-awapap-ta-n 3sgU:α-teach-ND:IPF-1sgA ybegta 3nsgDAT1 tande 1sgPOSS zi language ‘I'm teaching her my language.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-obl und[2].V.act[1] |
177 |
(178) Ynd naowapaptan Nen Zi. ynd 1sgABS n-a<o>wapap-ta-n M:α-teach<AB>-ND:IPF-1sgA Nen Nen zi language ‘I am learning Nen.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
178 |
(179) Bä mñte ym ungist. bä 3sgABS mñte desirous y-m 3sgU:α-be:ND ungi-s-t stand.up-NLZR-ALL ‘He wants to stand up.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-all und[1].V |
179 |
(180) Bä mñte ym geä gunginga. bä 3sgABS mñte desirous y-m 3sgU:α-be:ND geä COND g-ungi-ng-a M:γ-stand-ND:FUT-3sgA:PST.PF ‘He wants to stand up.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-all und[1].V |
180 |
(181) Ymam boraro ke erete. ymam 3sgERG boraro flute ke sound ø-ere-t-e 3sgU:α-hear-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘He can hear the sound of a flute.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
181 |
(182) Mnegta nowerete Nen Ym mersraes zi aba ygärngdam o yao. mnegta for.that.reason n-o-were-t-e M:α-AB-hear-ND:IPF-3sgA Nen_Ym Nen_language mersraes carefully zi language aba RCN y-gärng-da-m 3sgU:α-translate-ND:PF-1nsgA o or yao NEG ‘He is listening carefully to the recording to know whether we have translated the Nen correctly or not.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
182 |
(183) Ynd bä naweretam gtäts Dimsisi är bende nne arns zi, geä gerengm, ynd yna powa nne bä narntam. ynd 1nsgABS bä FUT n-a-were-ta-m M:α-DA-hear-ND:IPF-1nsgA gtäts until Dimsisi Dimsisi är-bende person-PL:GEN nne yam arn-s harvest-NLZR zi word geä COND g-ere-ng-m M:γ-hear-ND:FUT-1nsgA ynd 1nsgABS yna DEM powa after nne yam bä FUT n-arn-ta-m M:α-harvest-ND:IPF-1nsgA ‘We must wait to hear/get word that the Dimisisi people have begun their harvest, when we hear then we begin our own harvesting.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Deagentive alternation |
183 |
(184) Ynd begta newendn. ynd 1sgERG begta 2sgDAT1 n-ewe-nd-n 2sgU-load-ND:PF-1sgA ‘I loaded you up.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-obl und[2].V.act[1] |
184 |
(185) Bä ylst newendt. bä 3ABS yl-s-t go-NLZR-ALL n-ewe-nd-t M:α-load-ND:PF-3nsgA ‘They're loaded up to go.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form wewes | 185 |
(186) Ynd nawagtan. ynd 1sgABS n-a-wag-ta-n M:α-RR-load-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I load myself up.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
186 |
(187) Bä nne nawagtan. bä 3sgABS nne yam(ABS) n-a-wag-ta-n M:α-RR-load-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘He loads himself up with yams.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
187 |
(188) Ḡmam nne ywaleta yawagte. ḡma-m Ḡma-ERG nne yam(ABS) ywal-eta Ywal-DAT1 ya-wag-te 3nsgU:α-load-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘Ḡma is loading the yams for/onto Ywal (i.e. into her yam-basket).’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[2].V.act[1] |
188 |
(189) Bmbem pitasan nne baba yapltat gowawan. bmbem 2nsgERG pitas-an enough-LOC nne food(ABS) baba RCN y-apl-ta-t 3sgU:α-fill-ND:IPF-3nsgA gowa-wan canoe-LOC ‘You’ve loaded the canoe up completely (with enough).’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-loc und[2].V.act[1] |
189 |
(190) Ymabem gowa sikma pip yapndt kstemne gowa noletnda. ymabem 3nsgERG gowa canoe(ABS) sikma_pip too.much y-ap-nd-t 3sgU:α-fill-ND:PF-3nsgA kste-mne heavy-ORIG gowa canoe n-olet-nda M:α-sink-ND:PST.PF.3sgA ‘They filled the canoe completely to overflowing.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Locative alternation |
190 |
(191) Sombes ärm mnḡ koramt. sombes two är-m man-ERG mnḡ house k-o-ram-ø-t M:β-AB-build-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘Two men are building a house for themselves.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
191 |
(192) Ynd bm kae bä nabatan. ynd 1sgERG bm 2sgABS kae ±one.day bä FUT n-aba-ta-n 2sgU-think.of-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I'll think of you tomorrow.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
192 |
(193) Yna powa Aesek kr modowa noyabte. yna DEM powa after Aesek Isaac kr dead modowa bandicoot n-o-yab-te M:α-AB-show-ND:IPF:3sgA ‘After that, Isaac is showing off the dead bandicoot.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Autobenefactive |
193 |
(194) Ynd biskar yéstan. ynd 1sgERG biskar cassava y-és-ta-n 3sgU:α-scrape-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I am scraping the cassava.’ |
★ | GRIND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
194 |
(195) Ynd bä yambnandn. ynd 1sgERG bä 3U y-ambn-and-n 3sgU:α-hug-ND:PF-1sgA ‘I hugged her.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
195 |
(196) Bä sombes nawambnandt. bä 3ABS n-a-wambn-and-t M:α-RR-embrace-ND:PF-3plA ‘They embraced.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
196 |
(197) Yna toge nawambete. yna DEM toge child n-awambe-t-e M:α-scream-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘The child is calling out.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
197 |
(198) Bm ynd bä wérne btkamgeb. bm 2sgERG ynd 1sgABS bä FUT w-érn-e 1sgU:α-shave-2sgA btkamgeb beard ‘You will shave me.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs und[2].V.act[1] |
198 |
(199) Bä nernat. bä 3ABS n-e-rn-a-t M:α-RR-shave-ND:IPF-3nsgA ‘They are shaving.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
199 |
(200) Gowa (är kste-ba) nolete. gowa canoe är person kste-ba heavy-COM n-o-le-t-e M:α-DI-sink-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘The canoe sank (with the heavy people).’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V.act[1] |
200 |
(201) Ymam gowa yaletnda. ymam 3sgERG gowa canoe(ABS) ya-let-nd-a 3sgU:α-sink-ND:PF-3sgA:PST.PF ‘He sank the canoe.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
201 |
(202) Ynd nawabatan Arupen ge ḡerengron. ynd 1sgABS n-a-waba-ta-n M:α-RR-think-ND:IPF-1sgA Arupe-n Arufi-LOC ge there ḡ-ere-ngr-on M:γ-live-ND:STAT-RPst ‘I remembered living in Arufi.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
202 |
(203) Tende är gms brbr är yna bä dewernete, mnene är mrkp npser oynangéwelmän. tende before är person gms kill:NLZR brbr fear är person yna DEM bä FUT d-e-werne-t-e 3nsgU:α-RR-hide-ND:IPF-3sgA mnene because är person mrkp head np-s-er cut-NLZR-AGN o-y-n-ng-ewelmän APPR-3sgU-TOW-AW-go:PL ‘A long time ago people used to hide here from headhunters (N2:125).’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
203 |
(204) Tandemne brbräm yramte. tande-mne 1sgPOSS-SOU brbr-äm fear-ERG y/ram\te 3sgA\3sgU:IMPF:NPREHOD/\do ‘(S)he is afraid of me.’ |
★ | FEAR | the Verb form brbräm räms | 204 |
(205) Brmbrende aplsmne är. brmbr-ende spirit-GEN apl-s-mne overflow-NLZR-SOU är man ‘A man full of (overflowing with) spirit.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Causative |
205 |
(206) Wagibta Blag témta! wagib-ta fish-OBL Blag Blag(ABS) t-ém-ta-ø 3sgU:β-ask-ND:IPF-IPF:IMP:2sgA ‘Ask Blag for a fish!’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-obl) und[2].V.act[1] |
206 |
(207) Yna pepa yép kunzn ombtes ym. yna DEM pepa paper yép bag kunz-n inside-LOC ombtes dry y-m 3sgU:α-be:ND ‘The papers are dry inside the bag.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs und[1].V |
207 |
(208) Yna sombes är nägmt. yna DEM sombes two är man n-ä-gm-ø-t M:α-RR-hit-DU:IPF-3duA ‘Those two men are fighting. (Could be hitting each other, or also fighting by other means).’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
208 |
(209) Ynd parwae pip yñptan naepangama. ynd 1sgERG parwae animal pip meat y-ñp-ta-n 3sgU:α-cut-ND:IPF-1sgA naepa-ngama knife-ABL ‘I am cutting the meat with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
209 |
(210) Tnrama! t-n-rama-ø 3sgU:α-TOW-give/do(PF)-PF.IMP.2sgA ‘Give it here!’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form warams | 210 |
(211) Tängramae! tä-ng-ram-ae 3nsgU:β-AW-do/give-IPF:IMP.2sgA\DuU ‘Give those two things (away)!’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Dative alternation |
211 |
(212) Bm mñteba nawakaewt. bm 2ABS mñte-ba sweetness-COM n-a-wakae-w-t M:α-RR-look-DU:IPF-2nsgA ‘You two love each other.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
212 |
(213) Ymam ynd wmtenda kunzt elaost. ymam 3sgERG ynd 1sgABS w-mte-nda 1sgU:α-tell-ND:PF:3sgA kunz-t inside-ALL elao-s-t enter-NLZR-ALL ‘He told me to go inside.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-all und[2].V.act[1] |
213 |
(214) Ynd bbegta weiwei bä dawawrngn. ynd 1sgERG bbe-gta 2nsg-DAT1 weiwei sadness bä FUT da-wa-wr-ng-n 2nsg-BEN-leave-PF.FUT.ND-1sgA ‘I'll leave a sadness for you.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Dative alternation |
214 |
(215) Ymam bñe tagta wnde tntrne. ymam 3sgERG bñe letter ta-gta 1sg-DAT1 wnde in.return t-n-tr-n-e 3sg:β-TOW-send.in.exchange-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘He send me a letter in return.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Dative addition |
215 |
(216) Yndbem bm natembetam. yndbem 1nsgERG bm 2ABS n-atembe-ta-m 2sgU:α-send.off-ND:IPF-1nsgA ‘We say farewell to you.’ |
★ | SEND | the Verb form watembs | 216 |
(217) Bä ynd enzan. bä 3sgABS ynd 1sgERG ø-enz-a-n 3sgU:α-touch-ND:IPF-1sgA ‘I'm touching him.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs (3-abl) und[2].V.act[1] |
217 |
(218) Bmbem tagta wetlt yna zi. bmbem 2nsgERG ta-gta 1sg-DAT1 w-etl-ø-t 1sgU:α-tell-DU:IPF-2nsgA yna DEM zi story ‘You two are telling me this story.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat und[3].V.act[1] |
218 |
(219) Ymabem ybenzo zi nutlét. ymabem 3nsgERG ybe-nzo 3nsg-RR zi story n-u-tlé-ø-t M:α-RR-tell-DU:IPF-3nsgA ‘They two are telling each other a story.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive/reciprocal |
219 |
(220) Ymam kiámb zéḡ wnan aba ymbate. ymam 3sgERG kiámb pig zéḡ rope wn-an tree-LOC aba RCN y-mba-t-e 3sgU:α-tie-ND:IPF-3sgA ‘He tied the pig to the tree with a rope.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Adjunct addition |
220 |
(221) Ynd sombes bñe yagta tängwäbärn. ynd 1sgABS sombes two bñe letter(ABS) ya-gta 3sg-DAT1 tä-ng-wäbär-n 3nsgU:β-AW.send-DU:IPF-1sgA ‘I sent two letters.’ |
★ | SEND | the Verb form wäbäres | 221 |