Formed from transitive verbs by: (a) substituting the person/number-coding U-prefix with an invariant middle prefix n-/k-/g-; (b) dropping the overt NP coding the P role; (c) placing the NP coding the A role in absolutive case (i.e. treating it as an S); (d) prefixing the diathetic prefix aw- (~ iw-, ew-, a-, o- etc.) to the verb stem; (e) (optionally) deploying a reflexive/reciprocal pronoun, in the position usually occupied by NPs in P role; Semantics permits either reflexive or reciprocal readings, with reflexive reading in singulars and reciprocal the default reading but reflexive readings also possible in non-singulars.
Verb Meaning | Verb form | Basic coding frame | Derived coding frame | Occurs | Comment | # Ex. | |
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