Examples of Mapudungun
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Ti wentru takulmafi ti makuñ ti pichiche. ti ART wentru man taku-l-ma-fi cover-CAUS1-APPL2-3O ti ART makuñ blanket ti ART pichi-che little-person ‘The man covered the child with the blanket.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
1 |
(2) Ti wentru takulfi ti pichiche ti makuñ mew. ti ART wentru man taku-l-fi cover-CAUS1-3O ti ART pichi-che little-person ti ART makuñ blanket mew PPOS ‘The man covered the child with the blanket.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
2 |
(3) Ti wentru apoli ñi shifüñ ko mew. ti ART wentru man apo-l-i fill-CAUS1-IND ñi 3.PSR shifüñ bowl/glass ko water mew PPOS ‘The man filled the glass with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
3 |
(4) Ti wentru chechümi ti kareta kachu mew. ti ART wentru man chechüm-i load-IND ti ART kareta cart kachu grass/hay mew PPOS ‘The man loaded the hay on the cart.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
4 |
(5) Trapeli ñi kawell ti wentru. trapel-i tie-IND ñi 3.PSR kawell horse ti ART wentru man ‘The man tied his horse.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
5 |
(6) Ti wentru wütruntukuy ko shifüñ mew. ti ART wentru man wütrun-tuku-i flow-put-IND ko water shifüñ bowl/glass mew PPOS ‘The man poured water into the glass.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
6 |
(7) Wenta mesa mew eli ñi lifru ti wentru. wenta above mesa table mew PPOS el-i put-IND ñi 3.PSR lifru book ti ART wentru man ‘The man put his book on the table.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
7 |
(8) Kiñe kura ütrüftufi ti ventana mew ti pichi wentru. kiñe one kura stone ütrüf-tu-fi throw-APPL3-3O ti ART ventana window mew PPOS ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy threw a stone into the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Applicative 3 |
8 |
(9) Ti pichi malen küpalelfi kiñe rayen ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little malen girl küpa-l-el-fi come-CAUS1-APPL1-3O kiñe one rayen flower ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The girl brought the flower to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
9 |
(10) Ti pichi malen yelfi kiñe rayen ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little malen girl ye-l-fi carry-APPL1-3O kiñe one rayen flower ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The girl carried a flower to the teacher.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
10 |
(11) Ti pichi malen yetuy kiñe rayen colegio mew. ti ART pichi little malen girl ye-tu-i carry-TEL-IND kiñe one rayen flower colegio school mew PPOS ‘The girl carried a flower to school.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
11 |
(12) Ti pichi malen amulelfi ti lifru ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little malen girl amu-l-el-fi go-CAUS1-APPL1-3O ti ART lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The girl sent the book to her teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
12 |
(13) Ti pichi malen amuli ti lifru ñi colegio mew. ti ART pichi little malen girl amu-l-i go-CAUS1-IND ti ART lifru book ñi 3.PSR colegio school mew PPOS ‘The girl sent the book to her school.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
13 |
(14) Elufi lifru ñi kimeltuchefe ti pichi wentru. elu-fi give-3O lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy gave a book to the teacher.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
14 |
(15) Pengelfi lifru ñi kimeltuchefe ti pichi wentru. penge-l-fi show-APPL1-3O lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy showed a book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
15 |
(16) Ti pichi wentru llowmafi ti lifru ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little wentru man llow-ma-fi receive-APPL2-3O ti ART lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The boy got the book from the teacher.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
16 |
(17) Ti pichi wentru weñeñmafi ti lifru ti kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little wentru man weñe-ñma-fi steal-APPL2-3O ti ART lifru book ti ART kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The boy stole the book from the teacher.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form weñen | 17 |
(18) Ti pichi wentru llumümmafi ti lifru ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little wentru man llum-üm-ma-fi hide-CAUS-APPL2-3O ti ART lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The boy hid the book from the teacher.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
18 |
(19) Kacharnentumay ñi lifru kiñe hoja ti pichi wentru. kacharnentu-ma-i tear.out-APPL2-IND ñi 3.PSR lifru book kiñe one hoja page ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy tore a page from the book.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
19 |
(20) Katrüy ti kofke ti pichi wentru kuchillu engu. katrü-i cut-IND ti ART kofke bread ti ART pichi little wentru man kuchillu knife engu 3DU ‘The boy cut the bread with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
20 |
(21) Kiñe mamüll mew kachillmafi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS kachillma-fi touch-3O ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy touched the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
21 |
(22) Kiñe mamüll mew trawawi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS trawaw-i hit-IND ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy hit the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | HIT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
22 |
(23) Kiñe mamüll mew trawawtrawawtuy ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS trawaw~trawaw-tu-i hit~REDUP-ITER-IND ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy beat the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
23 |
(24) Kiñe mamüll mew langümfi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS langüm-fi kill-3O ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy killed the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
24 |
(25) Ti pichi wentru watrofi ti malal kiñe fütra kura yengu. ti ART pichi little wentru man watro-fi break-3O ti ART malal pen kiñe one fütra big kura stone yengu 3DU ‘The boy broke the pen with a big stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
25 |
(26) Ti wentru dewmay kiñe ruka mamüll yengu. ti ART wentru man dewma-i make-IND kiñe one ruka house mamüll wood yengu 3DU ‘The man built a house with wood.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
26 |
(27) Chemnorume pilafi ti wentru tati pichi domo. chemnorume nothing pi-la-fi say-NEG-3O ti ART wentru man tati ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man said nothing to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
27 |
(28) Ti wentru wirarüfi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man wirarü-fi shout-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man shouted (from afar) to the girl.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
28 |
(29) Ti wentru wirarütufi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man wirarü-tu-fi shout-TEL-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man shouted (angrily) at the girl.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
29 |
(30) Ti wentru ngütramelfi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man ngütram-el-fi tell.story-APPL1-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man told a story / stories to the girl.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
30 |
(31) Ti wentru kiñe ngütram pifi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man kiñe one ngütram story pi-fi say-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man told a story to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
31 |
(32) Ti pichi wentru ngillatufi ti wentru pülata. ti ART pichi little wentru man ngillatu-fi ask.for-3O ti ART wentru man pülata money ‘The boy asked the man for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
32 |
(33) Ti wentru ngütramkalelfi ti pichi wentru ti pichi domo mew. ti ART wentru man ngütramka-lel-fi talk-APPL1-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ti ART pichi little domo woman mew PPOS ‘The man talked to the boy about the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
33 |
(34) Ti wentru ngütramkayefi ti pichi domo ti pichi wentru mew. ti ART wentru man ngütramka-ye-fi talk-APPL4-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ti ART pichi little wentru man mew PPOS ‘The man talked to the boy about the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Applicative 4 |
34 |
(35) Ti wentru kimfuy ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man kim-fu-i know-RI-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man knew the boy.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
35 |
(36) Ti wentru pefi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man pe-fi see-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man saw the boy.’ |
★ | SEE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
36 |
(37) Ti wentru lelifi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man leli-fi look.at-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man looked at the boy.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
37 |
(38) Ti wentru adkintufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man adkintu-fi look.at-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man looked at the boy (from afar).’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
38 |
(39) Ti wentru trupefülfi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man trupefü-l-fi be.frightened-CAUS1-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man frightened the boy.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
39 |
(40) Ti pichi wentru llükafi ti wentru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llüka-fi fear-3O ti ART wentru man ‘The boy feared the man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
40 |
(41) Ti pichi wentru ayüfi ti wentru. ti ART pichi little wentru man ayü-fi like-3O ti ART wentru man ‘The boy liked the man.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
41 |
(42) Ti pichi wentru kümentuy ti muday. ti ART pichi little wentru man küme-ntu-i good-VR-IND ti ART muday chicha ‘The boy likes the chicha.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
42 |
(43) Ti wentru kintufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man kintu-fi search.for-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man searched for the boy.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
43 |
(44) Tralkatufengey ti wentru. tralkatufe-nge-i hunter-be-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man is a hunter.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
44 |
(45) Ti wentru ka ti malen trafüyengu rüpü mew. ti ART wentru man ka and ti ART malen girl trafü-yengu meet-3DU rüpü road mew PPOS ‘The man met the girl on the road.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
45 |
(46) Ti wentru inafi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man ina-fi follow-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man followed the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
46 |
(47) Ti wentru kellufi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man kellu-fi help-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man helped the girl.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
47 |
(48) Ti pichi domo i ti kofke. ti ART pichi little domo woman i eat ti ART kofke bread ‘The girl ate the bread.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
48 |
(49) Ti pichi domo takufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART pichi little domo woman taku-fi dress-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The girl dressed the boy.’ |
★ | DRESS |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
49 |
(50) Ti pichi domo küchafi ti pichi wentru. ti ART pichi little domo woman kücha-fi wash-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The girl washed the boy.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
50 |
(51) Ti wentru chafoy. ti ART wentru man chafo-i cough-IND ‘The man coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
51 |
(52) Ti wentru wechuy wingkul mew. ti ART wentru man wechu-i climb-IND wingkul hill mew PPOS ‘The man climbed (up) the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
52 |
(53) Ti wentru pülli mew anüy. ti ART wentru man pülli ground mew PPOS anü-i sit.down-IND ‘The man sat down on the ground.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
53 |
(54) Ti wentru pülli mew anülefuy. ti ART wentru man pülli ground mew PPOS anü-le-fu-i sit.down-RES-RI-IND ‘The man sat on the ground.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
54 |
(55) Ti pichi wentru lefi lelfün mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man lef-i run-IND lelfün field mew PPOS ‘The boy ran on the field.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
55 |
(56) Ti pichi wentru rüngküy pülli mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man rüngkü-i jump-IND pülli ground mew PPOS ‘The boy jumped on the ground.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
56 |
(57) Ti pichi wentru amuy waria mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man amu-i go-IND waria town mew PPOS ‘The boy went to the town.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
57 |
(58) Tüfa ruka mew müley che. tüfa this ruka house mew PPOS müle-i live-IND che people ‘This house is inhabited. / People live in this house.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
58 |
(59) ülkantuy ti pichi wentru. ülkantu-i sing-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy sang.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
59 |
(60) Wefpay ti pichi wentru rüpü mew. wef-pa-i appear-CIS-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man rüpü road mew PPOS ‘The boy appeared on the road.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
60 |
(61) Kutrani ñi lipang. kutran-i hurt-IND ñi 1SG.PSR lipang arm ‘My arm hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
61 |
(62) Kutranlipangün. kutran-lipang-ün hurt-arm-1SG.IND ‘My arm hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
62 |
(63) Lay ti wentru. la-i die-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man died.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
63 |
(64) Trani ko mew ti wentru. tran-i fall-IND ko water mew PPOS ti ART wentru man ‘The man fell into the water.’ |
★ | FALL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
64 |
(65) Ngüñülefuy ti pichi wentru. ngüñü-le-fu-i get.hungry-RES-RI-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy was hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
65 |
(66) Mawüni. mawün-i rain-IND ‘It rained.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[0] |
66 |
(67) Ti wentru rofülfi ti domo. ti ART wentru man rofül-fi hug-3O ti ART domo woman ‘The man hugged the woman.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
67 |
(68) Ti wentru nümütuy ti ilo. ti ART wentru man nümü-tu-i smell-APPL3-IND ti ART ilo meat ‘The man smelled the meat.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
68 |
(69) Ti wentru rakiduamyey ti wetripantu. ti ART wentru man rakiduam-ye-i think-APPL4-IND ti ART wetripantu New.Year ‘The man thinks about (the celebration of) New Year.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Applicative 4 |
69 |
(70) Lüfküley ti ruka. lüf-küle-i burn-PROG-IND ti ART ruka house ‘The house is burning.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
70 |
(71) Angküley mamüll. angkü-le-i become.dry-RES-IND mamüll wood ‘The (fire)wood is / has become dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
71 |
(72) Epu kofke afümi. epu two kofke bread afü-m-i boil-CAUS-IND ‘S/he cooked (=baked) two pieces of bread.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
72 |
(73) Afüy tüfachi ilo. afü-i boil-IND tüfa-chi this-ATTR ilo meat ‘This meat boiled.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
73 |
(74) Pu wentru allküy tralkan. pu PL wentru man allkü-i hear-IND tralkan thunder ‘The men heard the thunder.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
74 |
(75) Awkantuy ti pichi wentru. awkantu-i play-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy played.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
75 |
(76) Ayey ti pichi domo. aye-i laugh-IND ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The girl laughed.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
76 |
(77) Ti wentru ayüy we küdaw. ti ART wentru man ayü-i want-IND we new küdaw work ‘The man wants a new job.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
77 |
(78) Chafimi tüfachi manshana. chaf-i-m-i peel-IND-2-SG tüfa-chi this-ATTR manshana apple ‘You (sg.) peeled this apple.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
78 |
(79) Püntun corte mew. püntu-n become.separate-1SG.IND corte court mew PPOS ‘I left the court.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
79 |
(80) Kutranküley ti wentru. kutran-küle-i be.ill-PROG-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man is ill.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
80 |
(81) Payuntuy ti wentru. payuntu-i shave-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man shaved.’ |
★ | SHAVE (self) |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
81 |
(82) Üyfi ñi peñi ñi chaw. üy-fi name-3O ñi 1SG.PSR peñi brother.of.man ñi 1SG.PSR chaw father ‘My father gave my brother his name / named my brother.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
82 |
(83) Trafoy kiñe fotella. trafo-i break-IND kiñe one fotella bottle ‘S/he broke a bottle.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
83 |
(84) Nüy ti kawell. nü-i take-IND ti ART kawell horse ‘S/he took the horse.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
84 |
(85) Tuy ñi ofisa. tu-i take-IND ñi 3.PSR ofisa sheep ‘She took his/her sheep.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
85 |
(86) Trarünimi ti maleta. trarü-i-m-i tie-IND-2-SG ti ART maleta luggage ‘You tied the luggage.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
86 |
(87) Llüpifi ti domo. llüpif-i blink-IND ti ART domo woman ‘The woman blinked.’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
87 |
(88) Wütrey ti pichi domo. wütre-i be.cold-IND ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The girl is cold.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
88 |
(89) Lladküy ñi ñuke. lladkü-i be.sad-IND ñi 3.PSR ñuke mother ‘His/her mother is sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
89 |
(90) Imüli kuram. imül-i roll-IND kuram egg ‘The egg rolled.’ |
★ | ROLL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
90 |
(91) Lani ti wampu. lan-i sink-IND ti ART wampu boat ‘The boat sank.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
91 |
(92) Wirari ti kalku. wirar-i scream-IND ti ART kalku warlock ‘The warlock screamed.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
92 |
(93) Ti domo mülani afün kachilla. ti ART domo woman mülan-i grind-IND afü-n cook-NFIN kachilla wheat ‘The woman ground the cooked wheat.’ |
★ | GRIND |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
93 |
(94) Rüngay ti wentru. rünga-i dig-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man dug.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
94 |
(95) Pelüy mesa ti wentru. pelü-i push-IND mesa table ti ART wentru man ‘The man pushed the table.’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
95 |
(96) Kimelfi ti wentru ñi wedafemael. kim-el-fi know-CAUS1-3O ti ART wentru man ñi 3.PSR weda-fem-a-el bad-do.so-FUT-NFIN ‘S/he taught the man to behave badly.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 |
96 |
(97) Ngümay ñi püñeñ. ngüma-i cry-IND ñi 3.PSR püñeñ child.of.woman ‘Her child cried.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
97 |
(98) Ñi ñuke dewmayay kiñe makuñ kal ofisa mew. ñi 1SG.PSR ñuke mother dewma-ya-i make-FUT-IND kiñe one makuñ blanket kal wool ofisa sheep mew PPOS ‘My mother will make a blanket (of sheep's wool).’ |
★ | MAKE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
98 |
(99) Tuy ñi pülata ti wentru. tu-i receive-IND ñi 3.PSR pülata money ti ART wentru man ‘The man received his money.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
99 |
(100) Ñifi chi makuñ. ñif-i become.dry-IND chi ART makuñ blanket ‘The blanket dried.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 |
100 |
(101) Petu wepümlaymi külafo. petu still wepüm-la-i-m-i appear.CAUS-NEG-IND-2-SG külafo nail ‘You have not made the nail appear yet.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative2 |
101 |
(102) Ngillatuñmaenew ñi rosario. ngillatu-ñma-e-n-ew ask.for-APPL2-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR rosario rosary ‘S/he asked me for my rosary.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
102 |
(103) Angkümi ti makuñ. angkü-m-i become.dry-CAUS-IND ti ART makuñ blanket ‘S/he dried the blanket.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Causative2 |
103 |
(104) Ñipümi chi makuñ. ñipüm-i become.dry.CAUS-IND chi ART makuñ blanket ‘S/he dried the blanket.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Causative2 |
104 |
(105) Fey ngüñülenew. fey DEM ngüñü-l-e-n-mew be.hungry-CAUS1-INV-1SG.IND-3A ‘That made me hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Causative1 |
105 |
(106) Kutranelenew manshana. kutran-el-e-n-mew become.ill-CAUS1-INV-1SG.IND-3A manshana apple ‘The apple has made me ill.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
an Alternation:
Causative1 |
106 |
(107) Lladkütuniegenew. lladkü-tu-nie-e-n-mew be.sad-APPL3-have-INV-1SG.IND-3A ‘S/he is angry at me.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
an Alternation:
Applicative 3 |
107 |
(108) Lüfman ñi wün. lüf-ma-n burn-APPL2-1SG.IND ñi 1SG.PSR wün mouth ‘I burned my mouth.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
108 |
(109) Iñche yean pala. iñche 1SG ye-a-n carry-FUT-1SG.IND pala shovel ‘I'll carry the shovel.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew |
109 |
(110) Elmanieñmagenew ñi kawellu. el-ma-nie-ñma-e-n-mew put-APPL2-have-APPL2-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR kawellu horse ‘S/he has bad intentions concerning my horse (e.g. s/he wants to steal it).’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
110 |
(111) Fey pilelen chi caballero. fey DEM pi-lel-e-n say-APPL1-INV-1SG.IND chi ART caballero gentleman ‘Tell that to the gentleman on my behalf.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
111 |
(112) Piñmangey ñi layagel. pi-ñma-nge-i say-APPL2-PASS-IND ñi 3.PSR la-a-el die-FUT-NFIN ‘S/he was given a death sentence.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
112 |
(113) Pelelen ñi allfen. pe-lel-e-n see-APPL1-INV-1SG.IND ñi 1SG.PSR allfen wound ‘Take a look at my wound.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
113 |
(114) Peñmalagenew ñi manshana. pe-ñma-la-e-n-mew see-APPL2-NEG-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR manshana apple ‘S/he did not see my apples (e.g. the ones I had stolen from him/her).’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
114 |
(115) Iñche ñi chedkuy anüñmaley kutran mew. iñche 1SG ñi 1SG.PSR chedkuy father.in.law anü-ñma-le-i sit-APPL2-RES-IND kutran disease mew PPOS ‘My father-in-law['s house] is besieged by disease.’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
115 |
(116) Anüñmakilnge chumpiru! anü-ñma-ki-l-nge sit.down-APPL2-NEG-SUBJ-2SG.IMPER chumpiru hat ‘Do not sit on the hat!’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
116 |
(117) Weñeñmaenew ñi toki. weñe-ñma-e-n-mew steal-APPL2-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR toki axe ‘S/he stole my axe.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
117 |
(118) Weñelfiñ chi pülata. weñe-l-fi-n steal-APPL1-3O-1SG.IND chi ART pülata money ‘I stole the money for him/her.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form weñen | 118 |
(119) Weñey chi pülata. weñe-i steal-IND chi ART pülata money ‘S/he stole the money.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
119 |
(120) Nüñmaenew ñi trompo. nü-ñma-e-n-mew take-APPL2-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR trompo spinning.top ‘S/he took my spinning top from me.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
120 |
(121) Kangelu tulkeeyew kutran. ka-nge-lu other-be-PTCP tu-l-ke-e-i-mew take-APPL1-HAB-INV-IND-3A kutran disease ‘Some other transmitted the disease to him/her.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Applicative 1 |
121 |
(122) Fey kimelmaenew ñi fotüm ñi wedafemagel. fey DEM kim-el-ma-e-n-mew know-CAUS1-APPL2-INV-1SG.IND-3A ñi 1SG.PSR fotüm son ñi 3.PSR weda-fem-a-el bad-do.so-FUT-NFIN ‘S/he taught my son to act badly.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
122 |
(123) Ngütramyey chi weychan. ngütram-ye-i tell-APPL4-IND chi ART weychan war ‘S/he talked about the war.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Applicative 4 |
123 |
(124) Rakiduami ñi ñuke mew. rakiduam-i think-IND ñi 3.PSR ñuke mother mew PPOS ‘S/he thought about his/her mother.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1] 1 2+mew |
124 |
(125) Ütrüftuenew kura mew. ütrüf-tu-e-n-mew throw-APPL3-INV-1SG.IND-3A kura stone mew PPOS ‘S/he threw a stone at me.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Applicative 3 |
125 |
(126) Liftuy mesa ti pichi wentru. liftu-i wipe.clean-IND mesa table ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy wiped (the dirt off) the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
126 |
(127) Ti wentru takufi ti pichiche. ti ART wentru man taku-fi cover-3O ti ART pichi-che little-person ‘The man covered the child.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
127 |
(128) Chew mapu tuwimi? chew where mapu land tu-w-i-m-i take-REFL-IND-2-SG ‘Where do you (sg.) come from?’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
128 |
(129) Tuwülay ñi küdaw. tu-w-ü-la-i take-REFL-(epenthesis)-NEG-IND ñi 3.PSR küdaw work ‘His/her work did not prosper.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
129 |
(130) Kutrantuwün ngey ñi longko. kutrantu-w-ün hurt-REFL-INF nge-i be-IND ñi 1SG.PSR longko head ‘I have a sore head.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
130 |
(131) Wefmawküley furi engu piwkekutran. wef-ma-w-küle-i appear-APPL2-REFL-PROG-IND furi back engu 3DU piwke-kutran heart-pain ‘Heartburn occurs together with back pain.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
an Alternation:
Applicative 2 |
131 |
(132) Ti pichi wentru llowi ti lifru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llow-i receive-IND ti ART lifru book ‘The boy received the book.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
132 |
(133) Wiya ngütramkafiñ. wiya yesterday ngütramka-fi-n talk-3O-1SG.IND ‘I talked to/with him yesterday.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
133 |
(134) Kacharnentuy kiñe hoja. kacharnentu-i tear-IND kiñe one hoja page ‘S/he tore a page (from something).’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
134 |
(135) Ngütramenew. ngütram-e-n-mew tell-INV-1SG.IND-3A ‘S/he told me.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
135 |
(136) Ütrüfi kura. ütrüf-i throw-IND kura stone ‘S/he threw a stone / stones.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
136 |
(137) Wiya trafüfiñ ti pichi wentru. wiya yesterday trafü-fi-n meet-3O-1SG.IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘I met the boy yesterday.’ |
★ | MEET | the Verb form trafün | 137 |
(138) Ti pichi wentru llumümi ti lifru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llum-üm-i hide-CAUS-IND ti ART lifru book ‘The boy hid the book.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 |
138 |