Causative1 C

Description

high-control causative; suffixation of -lel ~ -el ~ -l

Alternation occurs:

Only

for Derived CF

Participants in Basic CF:

Verb meaning	Verb form	Occurs	arg_count	Basic Coding frame
ASK FOR	ngillatun	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (32) Ti pichi wentru ngillatufi ti wentru pülata. ti ART pichi little wentru man ngillatu-fi ask.for-3O ti ART wentru man pülata money ‘The boy asked the man for money.’ ★
BE DRY	ñifün	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (100) Ñifi chi makuñ. ñif-i become.dry-IND chi ART makuñ blanket ‘The blanket dried.’ ★
BE DRY	angkün	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (71) Angküley mamüll. angkü-le-i become.dry-RES-IND mamüll wood ‘The (fire)wood is / has become dry.’ ★
BE A HUNTER	tralkatufengen	–No data	1	V.subj[1] 1 (44) Tralkatufengey ti wentru. tralkatufe-nge-i hunter-be-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man is a hunter.’ ★
APPEAR	wefün	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (60) Wefpay ti pichi wentru rüpü mew. wef-pa-i appear-CIS-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man rüpü road mew PPOS ‘The boy appeared on the road.’ ★
BE HUNGRY	ngüñün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (65) Ngüñülefuy ti pichi wentru. ngüñü-le-fu-i get.hungry-RES-RI-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy was hungry.’ ★
BE ILL	kutranün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (80) Kutranküley ti wentru. kutran-küle-i be.ill-PROG-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man is ill.’ ★
BE SAD	lladkün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (89) Lladküy ñi ñuke. lladkü-i be.sad-IND ñi 3.PSR ñuke mother ‘His/her mother is sad.’ ★
BEAT	trawawtrawawtun	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (23) Kiñe mamüll mew trawawtrawawtuy ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS trawaw~trawaw-tu-i hit~REDUP-ITER-IND ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy beat the snake with a stick.’ ★
BLINK	llüpifün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (87) Llüpifi ti domo. llüpif-i blink-IND ti ART domo woman ‘The woman blinked.’ ★
BOIL	afün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (73) Afüy tüfachi ilo. afü-i boil-IND tüfa-chi this-ATTR ilo meat ‘This meat boiled.’ ★
BREAK	watron	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (25) Ti pichi wentru watrofi ti malal kiñe fütra kura yengu. ti ART pichi little wentru man watro-fi break-3O ti ART malal pen kiñe one fütra big kura stone yengu 3DU ‘The boy broke the pen with a big stone.’ ★
BREAK	trafon	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (83) Trafoy kiñe fotella. trafo-i break-IND kiñe one fotella bottle ‘S/he broke a bottle.’ ★
BRING	küpalelün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (9) Ti pichi malen küpalelfi kiñe rayen ñi kimeltuchefe. ti ART pichi little malen girl küpa-l-el-fi come-CAUS1-APPL1-3O kiñe one rayen flower ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ‘The girl brought the flower to the teacher.’ ★
BUILD	dewman (1)	–No data	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (26) Ti wentru dewmay kiñe ruka mamüll yengu. ti ART wentru man dewma-i make-IND kiñe one ruka house mamüll wood yengu 3DU ‘The man built a house with wood.’ ★
BURN	lüfün	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (70) Lüfküley ti ruka. lüf-küle-i burn-PROG-IND ti ART ruka house ‘The house is burning.’ ★
CARRY	yen	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (11) Ti pichi malen yetuy kiñe rayen colegio mew. ti ART pichi little malen girl ye-tu-i carry-TEL-IND kiñe one rayen flower colegio school mew PPOS ‘The girl carried a flower to school.’ ★ (109) Iñche yean pala. iñche 1SG ye-a-n carry-FUT-1SG.IND pala shovel ‘I'll carry the shovel.’ ★
CLIMB	wechun	–No data	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (52) Ti wentru wechuy wingkul mew. ti ART wentru man wechu-i climb-IND wingkul hill mew PPOS ‘The man climbed (up) the hill.’ ★
COOK	afümün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (72) Epu kofke afümi. epu two kofke bread afü-m-i boil-CAUS-IND ‘S/he cooked (=baked) two pieces of bread.’ ★
COUGH	chafon	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (51) Ti wentru chafoy. ti ART wentru man chafo-i cough-IND ‘The man coughed.’ ★
COVER	takun (2)	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (127) Ti wentru takufi ti pichiche. ti ART wentru man taku-fi cover-3O ti ART pichi-che little-person ‘The man covered the child.’ ★
CRY	ngüman	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (97) Ngümay ñi püñeñ. ngüma-i cry-IND ñi 3.PSR püñeñ child.of.woman ‘Her child cried.’ ★
CUT	katrün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (20) Katrüy ti kofke ti pichi wentru kuchillu engu. katrü-i cut-IND ti ART kofke bread ti ART pichi little wentru man kuchillu knife engu 3DU ‘The boy cut the bread with a knife.’ ★
DIE	l̠an	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (63) Lay ti wentru. la-i die-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man died.’ ★
DIG	rüngan	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (94) Rüngay ti wentru. rünga-i dig-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man dug.’ ★
DRESS	takun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (49) Ti pichi domo takufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART pichi little domo woman taku-fi dress-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The girl dressed the boy.’ ★
EAT	in	–No data	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (48) Ti pichi domo i ti kofke. ti ART pichi little domo woman i eat ti ART kofke bread ‘The girl ate the bread.’ ★
FALL	tranün	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (64) Trani ko mew ti wentru. tran-i fall-IND ko water mew PPOS ti ART wentru man ‘The man fell into the water.’ ★
FEAR	llükan	–No data	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (40) Ti pichi wentru llükafi ti wentru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llüka-fi fear-3O ti ART wentru man ‘The boy feared the man.’ ★
FEEL COLD	wütren	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (88) Wütrey ti pichi domo. wütre-i be.cold-IND ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The girl is cold.’ ★
FILL	apolün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (3) Ti wentru apoli ñi shifüñ ko mew. ti ART wentru man apo-l-i fill-CAUS1-IND ñi 3.PSR shifüñ bowl/glass ko water mew PPOS ‘The man filled the glass with water.’ ★
FOLLOW	inan	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (46) Ti wentru inafi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man ina-fi follow-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man followed the girl.’ ★
FRIGHTEN	trupefülün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (39) Ti wentru trupefülfi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man trupefü-l-fi be.frightened-CAUS1-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man frightened the boy.’ ★
GIVE	elun	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (14) Elufi lifru ñi kimeltuchefe ti pichi wentru. elu-fi give-3O lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy gave a book to the teacher.’ ★
GO	amun	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (57) Ti pichi wentru amuy waria mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man amu-i go-IND waria town mew PPOS ‘The boy went to the town.’ ★
GRIND	müḻan	–No data	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (93) Ti domo mülani afün kachilla. ti ART domo woman mülan-i grind-IND afü-n cook-NFIN kachilla wheat ‘The woman ground the cooked wheat.’ ★
HEAR	allkün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (74) Pu wentru allküy tralkan. pu PL wentru man allkü-i hear-IND tralkan thunder ‘The men heard the thunder.’ ★
HELP	kellun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (47) Ti wentru kellufi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man kellu-fi help-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man helped the girl.’ ★
HIDE	llumümün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (138) Ti pichi wentru llumümi ti lifru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llum-üm-i hide-CAUS-IND ti ART lifru book ‘The boy hid the book.’ ★
HIT	trawawün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (22) Kiñe mamüll mew trawawi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS trawaw-i hit-IND ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy hit the snake with a stick.’ ★
HUG	rofülün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (67) Ti wentru rofülfi ti domo. ti ART wentru man rofül-fi hug-3O ti ART domo woman ‘The man hugged the woman.’ ★
JUMP	rüngkün	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (56) Ti pichi wentru rüngküy pülli mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man rüngkü-i jump-IND pülli ground mew PPOS ‘The boy jumped on the ground.’ ★
KILL	l̠angümün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (24) Kiñe mamüll mew langümfi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS langüm-fi kill-3O ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy killed the snake with a stick.’ ★
KNOW	kimün	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (35) Ti wentru kimfuy ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man kim-fu-i know-RI-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man knew the boy.’ ★
LAUGH	ayen	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (76) Ayey ti pichi domo. aye-i laugh-IND ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The girl laughed.’ ★
LEAVE	püntun	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (79) Püntun corte mew. püntu-n become.separate-1SG.IND corte court mew PPOS ‘I left the court.’ ★
LIKE	ayün (2)	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (41) Ti pichi wentru ayüfi ti wentru. ti ART pichi little wentru man ayü-fi like-3O ti ART wentru man ‘The boy liked the man.’ ★
LIKE	kümentun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (42) Ti pichi wentru kümentuy ti muday. ti ART pichi little wentru man küme-ntu-i good-VR-IND ti ART muday chicha ‘The boy likes the chicha.’ ★
LIVE	mülen	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (58) Tüfa ruka mew müley che. tüfa this ruka house mew PPOS müle-i live-IND che people ‘This house is inhabited. / People live in this house.’ ★
LOAD	chechümün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (4) Ti wentru chechümi ti kareta kachu mew. ti ART wentru man chechüm-i load-IND ti ART kareta cart kachu grass/hay mew PPOS ‘The man loaded the hay on the cart.’ ★
LOOK AT	lelin	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (37) Ti wentru lelifi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man leli-fi look.at-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man looked at the boy.’ ★
LOOK AT	adkintun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (38) Ti wentru adkintufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man adkintu-fi look.at-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man looked at the boy (from afar).’ ★
MAKE	dewman (2)	–No data	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (98) Ñi ñuke dewmayay kiñe makuñ kal ofisa mew. ñi 1SG.PSR ñuke mother dewma-ya-i make-FUT-IND kiñe one makuñ blanket kal wool ofisa sheep mew PPOS ‘My mother will make a blanket (of sheep's wool).’ ★
MEET	trafün	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (45) Ti wentru ka ti malen trafüyengu rüpü mew. ti ART wentru man ka and ti ART malen girl trafü-yengu meet-3DU rüpü road mew PPOS ‘The man met the girl on the road.’ ★
NAME	üytuntukun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (82) Üyfi ñi peñi ñi chaw. üy-fi name-3O ñi 1SG.PSR peñi brother.of.man ñi 1SG.PSR chaw father ‘My father gave my brother his name / named my brother.’ ★
PEEL	chafün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (78) Chafimi tüfachi manshana. chaf-i-m-i peel-IND-2-SG tüfa-chi this-ATTR manshana apple ‘You (sg.) peeled this apple.’ ★
PLAY	awkantun	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (75) Awkantuy ti pichi wentru. awkantu-i play-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy played.’ ★
POUR	wütruntukun	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (6) Ti wentru wütruntukuy ko shifüñ mew. ti ART wentru man wütrun-tuku-i flow-put-IND ko water shifüñ bowl/glass mew PPOS ‘The man poured water into the glass.’ ★
PUSH	pelün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (95) Pelüy mesa ti wentru. pelü-i push-IND mesa table ti ART wentru man ‘The man pushed the table.’ ★
PUT	elün (2)	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (7) Wenta mesa mew eli ñi lifru ti wentru. wenta above mesa table mew PPOS el-i put-IND ñi 3.PSR lifru book ti ART wentru man ‘The man put his book on the table.’ ★
RAIN	mawüṉün	NNever	1	V.subj[0] (66) Mawüni. mawün-i rain-IND ‘It rained.’ ★
GET	llowün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (132) Ti pichi wentru llowi ti lifru. ti ART pichi little wentru man llow-i receive-IND ti ART lifru book ‘The boy received the book.’ ★
GET	tun (2)	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (99) Tuy ñi pülata ti wentru. tu-i receive-IND ñi 3.PSR pülata money ti ART wentru man ‘The man received his money.’ ★
ROLL	imülün	–No data	1	V.subj[1] 1 (90) Imüli kuram. imül-i roll-IND kuram egg ‘The egg rolled.’ ★
RUN	lefün	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1 (55) Ti pichi wentru lefi lelfün mew. ti ART pichi little wentru man lef-i run-IND lelfün field mew PPOS ‘The boy ran on the field.’ ★
SAY	pin	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (27) Chemnorume pilafi ti wentru tati pichi domo. chemnorume nothing pi-la-fi say-NEG-3O ti ART wentru man tati ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man said nothing to the girl.’ ★ (31) Ti wentru kiñe ngütram pifi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man kiñe one ngütram story pi-fi say-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man told a story to the girl.’ ★
SCREAM	wirarün (2)	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (92) Wirari ti kalku. wirar-i scream-IND ti ART kalku warlock ‘The warlock screamed.’ ★
SEARCH FOR	kintun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (43) Ti wentru kintufi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man kintu-fi search.for-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man searched for the boy.’ ★
SEE	pen	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (36) Ti wentru pefi ti pichi wentru. ti ART wentru man pe-fi see-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The man saw the boy.’ ★
SHAVE (self)	payuntun	–No data	1	V.subj[1] 1 (81) Payuntuy ti wentru. payuntu-i shave-IND ti ART wentru man ‘The man shaved.’ ★
SHOW	pengelün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (15) Pengelfi lifru ñi kimeltuchefe ti pichi wentru. penge-l-fi show-APPL1-3O lifru book ñi 3.PSR kimeltuchefe teacher ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy showed a book to the teacher.’ ★
SING	ülkantun	–No data	1	V.subj[1] 1 (59) ülkantuy ti pichi wentru. ülkantu-i sing-IND ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy sang.’ ★
SINK	lanün	–No data	1	V.subj[1] 1 (91) Lani ti wampu. lan-i sink-IND ti ART wampu boat ‘The boat sank.’ ★
SIT	anün	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (53) Ti wentru pülli mew anüy. ti ART wentru man pülli ground mew PPOS anü-i sit.down-IND ‘The man sat down on the ground.’ ★ (54) Ti wentru pülli mew anülefuy. ti ART wentru man pülli ground mew PPOS anü-le-fu-i sit.down-RES-RI-IND ‘The man sat on the ground.’ ★
SMELL	ṉümütun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (68) Ti wentru nümütuy ti ilo. ti ART wentru man nümü-tu-i smell-APPL3-IND ti ART ilo meat ‘The man smelled the meat.’ ★
STEAL	weñen	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (119) Weñey chi pülata. weñe-i steal-IND chi ART pülata money ‘S/he stole the money.’ ★
TAKE	nün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (84) Nüy ti kawell. nü-i take-IND ti ART kawell horse ‘S/he took the horse.’ ★
TAKE	tun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (85) Tuy ñi ofisa. tu-i take-IND ñi 3.PSR ofisa sheep ‘She took his/her sheep.’ ★
TALK	ngütramkan	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (133) Wiya ngütramkafiñ. wiya yesterday ngütramka-fi-n talk-3O-1SG.IND ‘I talked to/with him yesterday.’ ★
TEACH	kimelün	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 3 1 (96) Kimelfi ti wentru ñi wedafemael. kim-el-fi know-CAUS1-3O ti ART wentru man ñi 3.PSR weda-fem-a-el bad-do.so-FUT-NFIN ‘S/he taught the man to behave badly.’ ★
TEAR	kacharnentun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (134) Kacharnentuy kiñe hoja. kacharnentu-i tear-IND kiñe one hoja page ‘S/he tore a page (from something).’ ★
TELL	ngütramün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (135) Ngütramenew. ngütram-e-n-mew tell-INV-1SG.IND-3A ‘S/he told me.’ ★
THINK	rakiduamün	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1 2+mew (124) Rakiduami ñi ñuke mew. rakiduam-i think-IND ñi 3.PSR ñuke mother mew PPOS ‘S/he thought about his/her mother.’ ★
THROW	ütrüfün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (136) Ütrüfi kura. ütrüf-i throw-IND kura stone ‘S/he threw a stone / stones.’ ★
TIE	trapelün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (5) Trapeli ñi kawell ti wentru. trapel-i tie-IND ñi 3.PSR kawell horse ti ART wentru man ‘The man tied his horse.’ ★
TIE	trarün	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (86) Trarünimi ti maleta. trarü-i-m-i tie-IND-2-SG ti ART maleta luggage ‘You tied the luggage.’ ★
TOUCH	kachillman	NNever	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (21) Kiñe mamüll mew kachillmafi ti filu ti pichi wentru. kiñe one mamüll wood mew PPOS kachillma-fi touch-3O ti ART filu snake ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy touched the snake with a stick.’ ★
WANT	ayün (1)	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (77) Ti wentru ayüy we küdaw. ti ART wentru man ayü-i want-IND we new küdaw work ‘The man wants a new job.’ ★
WASH	küchan	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (50) Ti pichi domo küchafi ti pichi wentru. ti ART pichi little domo woman kücha-fi wash-3O ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The girl washed the boy.’ ★
WIPE	liftun	NNever	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (126) Liftuy mesa ti pichi wentru. liftu-i wipe.clean-IND mesa table ti ART pichi little wentru man ‘The boy wiped (the dirt off) the table.’ ★
SHOUT AT	wirarün (1)	MMarginally	2	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 (28) Ti wentru wirarüfi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man wirarü-fi shout-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man shouted (from afar) to the girl.’ ★ (29) Ti wentru wirarütufi ti pichi domo. ti ART wentru man wirarü-tu-fi shout-TEL-3O ti ART pichi little domo woman ‘The man shouted (angrily) at the girl.’ ★
SEND	amulün	–No data	3	V.subj[1].obj[2] 2 1 3+mew (13) Ti pichi malen amuli ti lifru ñi colegio mew. ti ART pichi little malen girl amu-l-i go-CAUS1-IND ti ART lifru book ñi 3.PSR colegio school mew PPOS ‘The girl sent the book to her school.’ ★
FEEL PAIN	kutran(-tu)-n	RRegularly	1	V.subj[1] 1 (61) Kutrani ñi lipang. kutran-i hurt-IND ñi 1SG.PSR lipang arm ‘My arm hurts.’ ★ (62) Kutranlipangün. kutran-lipang-ün hurt-arm-1SG.IND ‘My arm hurts.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.