Alternation ‘Direct Passivization Promoting Ni-marked Argument’ (Coded)

This can be done with the addition of the passive morpheme -(r)are. The erstwhile ni-marked argument is promoted to the subject and is marked with nominative case; the demoted subject is realized optionally, and is marked with -ni, -niyotte, or -kara. The difference in passivizability emerges mainly because ni is homonymous, and is used for marking a dative argument as well as a locative.

Verb Meaning Verb form Basic coding frame Derived coding frame Occurs Comment # Ex.