tum-u

Coding frame

1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V

Simplex Verb form

Example

Sono otokoga nigurumani hosikusao tunda.

sono

that

otoko=ga

man=NOM

niguruma=ni

cart=DAT

hosikusa=o

hay=ACC

tun-da

load-PST

‘That man loaded the hay on the wagon.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOAD	Coding set	Argument type
1	loader	NP-nom	A
2	loading place	NP-dat	L
3	loaded thing	NP-acc	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Anticausative with /rasar/ more info	RRegularly	tum-asar-u	y	3-nom 2-dat V'anticaus	(240) Hosikusaga nigurumani tumasatta. ‘The hay got loaded on the wagon.’ ★
C Causative more info	RRegularly	tum-ase-ru	y	4-nom 1-dat 2-dat 3-acc V'caus	(241) Darekaga sono otokoni hosikusao nigurumani tumaseta. ‘Someone made that man load the hay on the wagon.’ ★
C Lexical argument decreasing alternation more info	NNever		y
C Lexical argument increasing alternation more info	NNever	N/A	y
C DO passive more info	RRegularly	tum-are-ru	y	3-nom 1-niyotte 2-dat V'pass	(242) Sono otokoniyotte hosikusaga nigurumani tumareta. ‘The hay was loaded on the wagon by that man.’ ★
C Potential (ability) more info	RRegularly	tum-e-ru	y	1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V'pot	(243) Sono otokowa hosikusao nigurumani tumeru. ‘That man can load the hay on the wagon.’ ★
C IO passive more info	NNever		y
C potential (property) more info	RRegularly		y	3-nom 2-dat V'pot	(244) Sono hosikusawa nigurumani tumeru. ‘That hay can be loaded on the wagon.’ ★