i(w)-u

Coding frame

1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(96)

Syo:nenga syo:zyoni nanika itta.

syo:nen=ga

boy=NOM

syo:zyo=ni

girl=DAT

nanika

something

it-ta

say-PST

‘The boy said something to the girl.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SAY	Coding set	Argument type
1	sayer	NP-nom	S
2	saying addressee	NP-dat	L
3	said content	UTT	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Anticausative with /rasar/ more info	NNever		y
C Causative more info	RRegularly	iw-ase-ru	y	4-nom 1-dat 2-dat UTT3 V'caus	(97) Darekaga syo:nenni nanikao syo:zyoni iwaseta. ‘Someone made the boy say something to the girl.’ ★
C Lexical argument decreasing alternation more info	NNever		y
C Lexical argument increasing alternation more info	NNever	N/A	y
C DO passive more info	RRegularly	iw-are-ru	y	UTT3 1-dat/niyotte 2-dat V'pass
C Potential (ability) more info	RRegularly	i-e-ru	y	1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V'pot	(99) Syo:nenwa syo:zyoni nanika ieta. ‘The boy could say something to the girl.’ ★
C IO passive more info	RRegularly		y	2-nom UTT3 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	(98) Syo:zyoga syo:nenni nanika iwareta. ‘The girl was told something by the boy.’ ★
C potential (property) more info	NNever		y