hanas-u

Coding frame

1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(85)

Sono otokoga sono syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanasita.

sono

that

otoko=ga

man=NOM

sono

that

syo:nen=ni

boy=DAT

syo:zyo=no

girl=GEN

koto=o

thing=ACC

hanasi-ta

talk-PST

‘That man talked to that boy about the girl.’

★

(92)

Sono otokoga sono musumeni monogatario hanasita.

sono

that

otoko=ga

man=NOM

sono

that

musume=ni

girl=DAT

monogatari=o

story=ACC

hanasi-ta

tell-PST

‘That man told the story to that girl.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TALK	TELL	Coding set	Argument type
1	talker	teller	NP-nom	A
2	talked to person	tellee	NP-dat	L
3	talked about content	told content	NP-acc	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Anticausative with /rasar/ more info	NNever		y
C Causative more info	RRegularly	hanas-ase-ru	y	4-nom 1-dat 2-dat 3-acc V'caus	(86) Darekaga sono otokoni syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanasaseta. ‘Someone made that man talk to the boy about the girl.’ ★ (93) Darekaga sono otokoni musumeni monogatario hanasaseta. ‘Someone made that man tell the story to the girl.’ ★
C Lexical argument decreasing alternation more info	NNever		y
C Lexical argument increasing alternation more info	NNever	N/A	y
C DO passive more info	RRegularly	hanas-are-ru	y	3-nom 1-niyotte 2-dat V'pass	(88) Syo:zyono kotoga danse:niyotte syo:nenni hanasareta. ‘Something about the girl was told to the boy by the man.’ ★ (94) Monogatariga sono otokoniyotte musumeni hanasareta. ‘The story was told to the girl by that man.’ ★
C Potential (ability) more info	RRegularly	hanas-e-ru	y	1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V'pot	(89) Sono danse:wa syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanaseru. ‘That man can talk to the boy about the girl.’ ★ (95) Sono otokowa sono musumeni monogatario hanaseru. ‘That man can tell the story to that girl.’ ★
C IO passive more info	RRegularly		y	2-nom 3-acc 1-dat/niyotte V'pass	(87) Syo:nenwa danse:ni syo:zyono kotoo hanasareta. ‘The boy was told about the girl by the man.’ ★
C potential (property) more info	RRegularly		y	3-nom 2-dat V'pot	(90) Syo:zyono kotowa syo:nenni hanaseru. ‘Things about the girl can be told to the boy.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

hanas-u

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples