Examples of Hokkaido Japanese
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Sono musumega pano tabeta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM pan=o bread=ACC tabe-ta eat-PST ‘That girl ate bread.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
1 |
(2) Panwa onnanokoni taberareta. pan=wa bread=TOP onnanoko=ni girl=DAT tabe-rare-ta eat-PASS-PST ‘The bread was eaten by the girl.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
2 |
(3) Darekaga syo:zyoni pano tabesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT pan=o bread=ACC tabe-sase-ta eat-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl eat the bread.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
3 |
(4) Ano onnanokowa natto:{o/ga} tabe(ra)reru. ano that onnanoko=wa girl=TOP natto:={o/ga} natto={ACC/NOM} tabe-(ra)re-ru eat-POT-NPST ‘The girl can eat natto.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
4 |
(5) Ano kinokowa tabe(ra)reru. ano that kinoko=wa mushroom=TOP tabe-(ra)re-ru eat-POT-NPST ‘That mushroom is edible.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
5 |
(6) Sono syo:nenga sono otokoni okaneo motometa. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT okane=o money=ACC motome-ta ask.for-PST ‘That boy asked that man for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
6 |
(7) Otokoga syo:nenni okaneo motomerareta. otoko=ga man=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT okane=o money=ACC motome-rare-ta ask.for-PASS-PST ‘The man was asked for money by the boy.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
7 |
(8) Syo:nenwa otokoni okaneo motome(ra)reru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP otoko=ni man=DAT okane=o money=ACC motome-(ra)re-ru ask.for-POT-NPST ‘The boy can ask the man for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
8 |
(9) Sono musumega sono otokoni dakituita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT dakitui-ta hug-PST ‘That girl hugged that man.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
9 |
(10) Otokoga musumeni dakitukareta. otoko=ga man=NOM musume=ni girl=DAT dakituk-are-ta hug-PASS-PST ‘The man was hugged by the girl.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
10 |
(11) Darekaga musumeo otokoni dakitukaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM musume=o girl=ACC otoko=ni man=DAT dakituk-ase-ta hug-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl hug the man.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Causative |
11 |
(12) (Subasikkoinode) musumewa otokoni dakitukeru. subasikko-i=node agile-NPST=because musume=wa girl=TOP otoko=ni man=DAT dakituk-e-ru hug-POT-NPST ‘(Because she is quick,) the girl can hug the man.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
12 |
(13) (Noromananode) ano otokowa dakitukeru. noroma=na=node slow=COPULA.ADN=because ano that otoko=wa man=TOP dakituk-e-ru hug-POT-NPST ‘(Because he is slow,) that man is easy to hug.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
13 |
(14) Sono otokoga sono syo:neno mita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC mi-ta look.at-PST ‘That man looked at that boy.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
14 |
(15) Syo:nenga mieta. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM mie-ta see-PST ‘The boy was seen.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
15 |
(16) Syo:nenwa otokoni mirareta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP otoko=ni man=DAT mi-rare-ta look.at-PASS-PST ‘The boy was looked at by the man.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
16 |
(17) Darekaga danse:ni syo:neno misaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM danse:=ni man=DAT syo:nen=o boy=ACC mi-sase-ta look.at-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man look at the boy.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
17 |
(18) Sono danse:(ni)wa yu:re:ga mieru. sono that danse:=ni=wa man=DAT=TOP yu:re:=ga ghost=NOM mi-e-ru see-POT-NPST ‘That man can see the ghost.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
18 |
(19) Yu:re:wa mieru. yu:re:=wa ghost=TOP mi-e-ru see-POT-NPST ‘The ghost was seen.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
19 |
(20) Kumawa syo:nenno nioio kaida. kuma=wa bear=TOP syo:nen=no boy=GEN nioi=o smell=ACC kai-da smell-PST ‘The bear caught the boy's scent.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
20 |
(21) Syo:nenwa kumani nioio kagareta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP kuma=ni bear=DAT nioi=o smell=ACC kag-are-ta smell-PASS-PST ‘The boy was smelled by the bear.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
21 |
(22) Karewa inuni nioio kagaseta. kare=wa he=TOP inu=ni dog=DAT nioi=o smell=ACC kag-ase-ta smell-CAUS-PST ‘He made the dog smell (something).’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
22 |
(23) Tosio totta kumadakedo, imadani nioio kageru. tosi=o year=ACC tot-ta take-PST kuma-dakedo bear-although imadani still.now nioi=o smell=ACC kag-e-ru smell-POT-NPST ‘Although it is an old bear, it still has a good nose.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
23 |
(24) Sono syo:nenwa sono otokoo kowagatte ita. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP sono that otoko=o man=ACC kowagat-te fear-GER i-ta be-PST ‘That boy feared that man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
24 |
(25) Syo:nenwa sono otokoga kowai. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP sono that otoko=ga man=NOM kowa-i afraid-NPST ‘The boy is afraid of that man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
25 |
(26) Sono otokowa syo:nenni kowagarareru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT kowagar-are-ru fear-PASS-NPST ‘That man will be feared by the boy.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
26 |
(27) Darekaga sono syo:nenni otokoo kowagaraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that syo:nen=ni boy=DAT otoko=o man=ACC kowagar-ase-ta fear-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that boy fear that man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
27 |
(28) Sono otokoga sono syo:neno kowagaraseta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC kowagarase-ta frighten-PST ‘That man frightened that boy.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
28 |
(29) Darekaga sono otokoni syo:neno kowagaraseaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT syo:nen=o boy=ACC kowagarase-ase-ta frighten-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man frighten the boy.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
29 |
(30) Syo:nenga otokoo kowagatta. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM otoko=o man=ACC kowagat-ta be.frightened-PST ‘The boy was frightened of the man.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
30 |
(31) Syo:nenga otokoniyotte kowagarasareta. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM otoko=niyotte man=by kowagaras-are-ta frighten-PASS-PST ‘The boy was frightened by the man.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
31 |
(32) Sono otokowa syo:nenwo kowagaraserareru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP syo:nen=o boy=ACC kowagarase-rare-ru frighten-POT-NPST ‘That man can frighten the boy.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
32 |
(33) Ano syo:nenwa, okubyo:dakara, kowagaraserareru. ano that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP okubyo:=dakara coward=because kowagarase-rare-ru frighten-POT-NPST ‘Being a coward, that boy can be frightened.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
33 |
(34) Sono syo:nenwa tonarino onnanokoga sukidatta. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP tonari=no neighbor=GEN onnanoko=ga girl=NOM suki=dat-ta like=COPULA-PST ‘That boy likes the girl next door.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-nom V |
34 |
(35) Tonarino onnanokoga sono syo:nenni sukarete iru. tonari=no neighbor=GEN onnanoko=ga girl=NOM sono that syo:nen=ni boy=DAT suk-are-te like-PASS-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The girl next door is liked by that boy.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
35 |
(36) Sono otokowa sono syo:neno sitteru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC sit-te-ru know-GER.be-NPST ‘That man knows that boy.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
36 |
(37) Sono musumega sono otokoni syo:nen{no kotoo/nituite} siraseta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT syo:nen={no boy={GEN koto=o/nituite} thing=ACC/about} sirase-ta let.know-PST ‘That girl let that man know about the boy.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
37 |
(38) Sono syo:nenga sono otokoni sirarete iru. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT sir-are-te know-PASS-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘That boy is known to that man.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
38 |
(39) Sono otokoga sono syo:nenno syo:rainituite kangaeta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that syo:nen=no boy=GEN syo:rai=nituite future=about kangae-ta think-PST ‘That man thought about that boy's future.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2+nituite V |
39 |
(40) Darekaga otokoni syo:nenno syo:rainituite kangaesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM otoko=ni man=DAT syo:nen=no boy=GEN syo:rai=nituite future=about kangae-sase-ta think-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man think about the boy's future.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
40 |
(41) Byo:kino kansengenga kasitukito minnani kangaerarete iru. byo:ki=no desease=GEN kansengen=ga cause=NOM kasituki=to air.humilifier=COM minna=ni all=DAT kangae-rare-te think-PASS-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The cause of the disease is considered to be the air-humidifier.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
41 |
(42) Otoko{ga/wa} syo:nenno syo:rainituite kangaerareru. otoko={ga/wa} man={NOM/TOP} syo:nen=no boy=GEN syo:rai=nituite future=about kangae-rare-ru think-POT-NPST ‘The man can think about the boy's future.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
42 |
(43) Sono otokoga sono syo:neno sagasite ita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC sagasi-te search-GER i-ta be-PST ‘That man was searching for that boy.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
43 |
(44) Darekaga otokoni syo:neno sagasaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM otoko=ni man=DAT syo:nen=o boy=ACC sagas-ase-ta search-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man search for the boy.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
44 |
(45) Syo:nenga otokoniyotte sagasarete iru. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM otoko=niyotte man=by sagas-are-te search-PASS-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The boy is searched for by the man.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
45 |
(46) Otokowa syo:neno sagaseru. otoko=wa man=TOP syo:nen=o boy=ACC sagas-e-ru search-POT-NPST ‘The man can search for the boy.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
46 |
(47) Takutiwa sagaseru. takuti=wa building.lot=TOP sagas-e-ru search-POT-NPST ‘The building lot can be found.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
47 |
(48) Sono musumega hukuo aratta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM huku=o cloth=ACC arat-ta wash-PST ‘That girl washed the clothes.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
48 |
(49) Kono koppuwa arawasatta. kono this koppu=wa cup=TOP araw-asat-ta wash-AC-PST ‘This cup got washed.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
49 |
(50) Darekaga syo:zyoni hukuo arawaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC araw-ase-ta wash-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl wash the clothes.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
50 |
(51) Hukuwa syo:zyoni arawareta. huku=wa cloth=TOP syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT araw-are-ta wash-PASS-PST ‘The clothes were washed by the girl.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
51 |
(52) Sono syo:zyowa hukuo araeru. sono that syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP huku=o cloth=ACC ara-e-ru wash-POT-NPST ‘That girl can wash the clothes.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
52 |
(53) Sono hukuwa araeru. sono that huku=wa cloth=TOP ara-e-ru wash-POT-NPST ‘Those clothes are washable.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
53 |
(54) Hahawa musumeni hukuo kiseta. haha=wa mother=TOP musume=ni daughter=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC kise-ta dress-PST ‘Mother dressed her daughter.’ |
★ | DRESS |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
54 |
(55) Manekinga hukuo kiserasatte iru. manekin=ga mannequin=NOM huku=o cloth=ACC kise-rasat-te dress-AC-GER ir-u be-NPST ‘The mannequin is dressed up.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
55 |
(56) Titiwa hahani musumeni hukuo kisesaseta. titi=wa father=TOP haha=ni mother=DAT musume=ni daughter=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC kise-sase-ta dress-CAUS-PST ‘Father made mother dress the daughter.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Causative |
56 |
(57) Musumewa hukuo kita. musume=wa daughter=TOP huku=o cloth=ACC ki-ta wear-PST ‘The daughter wore the clothes.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
57 |
(58) Hahawa musumeni hukuo kiserareru. haha=wa mother=TOP musume=ni daughter=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC kise-rare-ru dress-POT-NPST ‘Mother can dress her daughter.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
58 |
(59) Sono otokoga higeo sotta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM hige=o beard=ACC sot-ta shave-PST ‘That man shaved his beard.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
59 |
(60) Higega sorasattenai. hige=ga beard=NOM sor-asat-te-nai shave-AC-GER.be-NEG.NPST ‘The beard is not shaved.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
60 |
(61) Darekaga sono otokoni higeo soraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT hige=o beard=ACC sor-ase-ta shave-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man shave his beard.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Causative |
61 |
(62) Higega otokoni sorareta. hige=ga beard=NOM otoko=ni man=DAT sor-are-ta shave-PASS-PST ‘My beard was shaved by the man.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
62 |
(63) Sono otokowa higeo soreru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP hige=o beard=ACC sor-e-ru shave-POT-NPST ‘That man can shave his beard.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
63 |
(64) Sono otokoga sono musumeo tasuketa. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that musume=o girl=ACC tasuke-ta help-PST ‘That man helped that girl.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
64 |
(65) Darekaga danse:ni syo:zyoo tasukesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM danse:=ni man=DAT syo:zyo=o girl=ACC tasuke-sase-ta help-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man help the girl.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Causative |
65 |
(66) Sono musumega tasukatta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM tasukat-ta be.helped-PST ‘That girl was helped.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
66 |
(67) Syo:zyowa danse:ni tasukerareta. syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP danse:=ni man=DAT tasuke-rare-ta help-PASS-PST ‘The girl was helped by the man.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
67 |
(68) Danse:niwa syo:zyoga tasukerareru. danse:=ni=wa man=DAT=TOP syo:zyo=ga girl=NOM tasuke-rare-ru help-POT-NPST ‘The man can help the girl.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
68 |
(69) Ano syo:zyowa tasukerareru. ano that syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP tasuke-rare-ru help-POT-NPST ‘That girl can be helped.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
69 |
(70) Watasiwa syo:nentatio tetudatta. watasi=wa 1sg=TOP syo:nentati=o boys=ACC tetudat-ta help-PST ‘I helped the boys.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
70 |
(71) Hahawa watasini syo:nentatio tetudawaseta. haha=wa mother=TOP watasi=ni 1sg=DAT syo:nentati=o boys=ACC tetudaw-ase-ta help-CAUS-PST ‘Mother made me help the boys.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Causative |
71 |
(72) Kodomotatiwa kareni tetudawareta. kodomotati=wa children=TOP kare=ni he=DAT tetudaw-are-ta help-PASS-PST ‘The children are helped by him.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
72 |
(73) Watasiwa sono syo:nentatio tetudaeru. watasi=wa 1sg=TOP sono that syo:nentati=o boys=ACC tetuda-e-ru help-POT-NPST ‘I can help the boys.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
73 |
(74) Sono otokoga sono musumeni tuite itta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT tui-te follow-GER it-ta go-PST ‘That man followed that girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
74 |
(75) Darekaga danse:o syo:zyoni tuite ikaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM danse:=o man=ACC syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT tui-te follow-GER ik-ase-ta go-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man follow the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Causative |
75 |
(76) Syo:zyowa otokoni tuite korareta. syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP otoko=ni man=DAT tui-te follow-GER ko-rare-ta come-PASS-PST ‘The girl was followed by the man.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
76 |
(77) Danse:wa syo:zyoni tuite ikeru. danse:=wa man=TOP syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT tui-te follow-GER ik-e-ru go-POT-NPST ‘The man can follow the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
77 |
(78) Sono otokoga sono musumeo oikaketa. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that musume=o girl=ACC oikake-ta follow-PST ‘That man followed that girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
78 |
(79) Darekaga danse:ni syo:zyoo oikakesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM danse:=ni man=DAT syo:zyo=o girl=ACC oikake-sase-ta follow-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man follow the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Causative |
79 |
(80) Syo:zyowa otokoni oikakerareta. syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP otoko=ni man=DAT oikake-rare-ta follow-PASS-PST ‘The girl was chased by the man.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
80 |
(81) Danse:wa syo:zyoo oikakerareru. danse:=wa man=TOP syo:zyo=o girl=ACC oikake-rare-ru follow-POT-NPST ‘The man can follow the girl.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
81 |
(82) Sono otokoga musume{to/ni} atta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM musume={to/ni} daughter={COM/DAT} at-ta meet-PST ‘That man met the girl.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-com/dat V |
82 |
(83) Darekaga sono otokoo musume{to/ni} awaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=o man=ACC musume={to/ni} daughter={COM/DAT} aw-ase-ta meet-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man meet the girl.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Causative |
83 |
(84) Sono otokowa musume{to/ni} aeru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP musume={to/ni} girl={COM/DAT} a-e-ru meet-POT-NPST ‘That man can meet the girl.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
84 |
(85) Sono otokoga sono syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanasita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that syo:nen=ni boy=DAT syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=o thing=ACC hanasi-ta talk-PST ‘That man talked to that boy about the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
85 |
(86) Darekaga sono otokoni syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanasaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT syo:nen=ni boy=DAT syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=o thing=ACC hanas-ase-ta talk-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man talk to the boy about the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
86 |
(87) Syo:nenwa danse:ni syo:zyono kotoo hanasareta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP danse:=ni man=DAT syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=o thing=ACC hanas-are-ta talk-PASS-PST ‘The boy was told about the girl by the man.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
87 |
(88) Syo:zyono kotoga danse:niyotte syo:nenni hanasareta. syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=ga thing=NOM danse:=niyotte man=by syo:nen=ni boy=DAT hanas-are-ta talk-PASS-PST ‘Something about the girl was told to the boy by the man.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
88 |
(89) Sono danse:wa syo:nenni syo:zyono kotoo hanaseru. sono that danse:=wa man=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=o thing=ACC hanas-e-ru talk-POT-NPST ‘That man can talk to the boy about the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
89 |
(90) Syo:zyono kotowa syo:nenni hanaseru. syo:zyo=no girl=GEN koto=wa thing=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT hanas-e-ru talk-POT-NPST ‘Things about the girl can be told to the boy.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
90 |
(91) Darekaga syo:nenni okaneo motomesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT okane=o money=ACC motome-sase-ta ask.for-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy ask for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
91 |
(92) Sono otokoga sono musumeni monogatario hanasita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT monogatari=o story=ACC hanasi-ta tell-PST ‘That man told the story to that girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
92 |
(93) Darekaga sono otokoni musumeni monogatario hanasaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT musume=ni girl=DAT monogatari=o story=ACC hanas-ase-ta tell-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man tell the story to the girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
93 |
(94) Monogatariga sono otokoniyotte musumeni hanasareta. monogatari=ga story=NOM sono that otoko=niyotte man=by musume=ni girl=DAT hanas-are-ta tell-PASS-PST ‘The story was told to the girl by that man.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
94 |
(95) Sono otokowa sono musumeni monogatario hanaseru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP sono that musume=ni girl=DAT monogatari=o story=ACC hanas-e-ru tell-POT-NPST ‘That man can tell the story to that girl.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
95 |
(96) Syo:nenga syo:zyoni nanika itta. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT nanika something it-ta say-PST ‘The boy said something to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat UTT3 V |
96 |
(97) Darekaga syo:nenni nanikao syo:zyoni iwaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT nanika=o something=ACC syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT iw-ase-ta say-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy say something to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Causative |
97 |
(98) Syo:zyoga syo:nenni nanika iwareta. syo:zyo=ga girl=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT nanika something iw-are-ta say-PASS-PST ‘The girl was told something by the boy.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
98 |
(99) Syo:nenwa syo:zyoni nanika ieta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT nanika something i-e-ta say-POT-PST ‘The boy could say something to the girl.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
99 |
(100) Sono musumega sono syo:neno bakato yonda. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC baka-to fool-COM yon-da call-PST ‘That girl called that boy a fool.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc 3-com V |
100 |
(101) Darekaga syo:zyoni syo:neno bakato yobaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT syo:nen=o boy=ACC baka=to fool=COM yob-ase-ta call-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl call the boy a fool.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Causative |
101 |
(102) Syo:nenwa syo:zyoni bakato yobareta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP syo:zyo=ni girl=DAT baka=to fool=COM yob-are-ta call-PASS-PST ‘The boy was called a fool by the girl.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
102 |
(103) Syo:zyowa syo:neno bakato yoberu. syo:zyo=wa girl=TOP syo:nen=o boy=ACC baka=to fool=COM yob-e-ru call-POT-NPST ‘The girl can call the boy a fool.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
103 |
(104) Syo:nenwa bakato yoberu (sonzaida). syo:nen=wa boy=TOP baka=to fool=COM yob-e-ru call-POT-NPST sonzai=da being=COPULA.NPST ‘The boy can be called a fool.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
104 |
(105) Karega ieo tateta. kare=ga he=NOM ie=o house=ACC tate-ta build-PST ‘He built the house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
105 |
(106) Bo:kkirega tatasatta. bo:kkire=ga stick=NOM tat-asat-ta stand-AC-PST ‘The stick is standing.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
106 |
(107) Darekaga kareni ieo tatesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM kare=ni he=DAT ie=o house=ACC tate-sase-ta build-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made him build the house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Causative |
107 |
(108) Iega tatta. ie=ga house=NOM tat-ta be.built-PST ‘The house got built.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
108 |
(109) Kareni iega taterareta. kare=ni he=DAT ie=ga house=NOM tate-rare-ta build-PASS-PST ‘The house was built by him.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
109 |
(110) Karewa ieo taterareru. kare=wa he=TOP ie=o house=ACC tate-rare-ru build-POT-NPST ‘He can build the house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
110 |
(111) Sono syo:nenga iside madoo watta. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM isi=de stone=INST mado=o window=ACC wat-ta break-PST ‘That boy broke the window with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V |
111 |
(112) Madoga warasatta. mado=ga window=NOM war-asat-ta break-AC-PST ‘The window got broken.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
112 |
(113) Darekaga syo:nenni madoo iside waraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT mado=o window=ACC isi=de stone=INST war-ase-ta break-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy break the window with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
113 |
(114) Madoga wareta. mado=ga window=NOM ware-ta break-PST ‘The window broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
114 |
(115) Madoga syo:nenniyotte iside warareta. mado=ga window=NOM syo:nen=niyotte boy=by isi=de stone=INST war-are-ta break-PASS-PST ‘The window was broken by the boy.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
115 |
(116) Syo:nenwa madoo iside wareru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP mado=o window=ACC isi=de stone=INST war-e-ru break-POT-NPST ‘The boy can break the window with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
116 |
(117) Madowa iside wareru. mado=wa window=TOP isi=de stone=INST war-e-ru break-POT-NPST ‘The window is easy to break with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
117 |
(118) Sono syo:nenga bo:de hebio korosita. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM bo:=de stick=INST hebi=o snake=ACC korosi-ta kill-PST ‘That boy killed the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V |
118 |
(119) Darekaga syo:nenni hebio bo:de korosaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT hebi=o snake=ACC bo:=de stick=INST koros-ase-ta kill-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy kill the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
119 |
(120) Hebiwa syo:nenni bo:de korosareta. hebi=wa snake=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT bo:=de stick=INST koros-are-ta kill-PASS-PST ‘The snake was killed with a stick by the boy.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
120 |
(121) Syo:nenwa hebio bo:de koroseru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP hebi=o snake=ACC bo:=de stick=INST koros-e-ru kill-POT-NPST ‘The boy can kill the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
121 |
(122) Sono syo:nenga bo:de hebio tataita. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM bo:=de stick=INST hebi=o snake=ACC tatai-ta hit-PST ‘That boy hit the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V |
122 |
(123) Darekaga syo:nenni hebio bo:de tatakaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT hebi=o snake=ACC bo:=de stick=INST tatak-ase-ta hit-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy hit the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
123 |
(124) Hebiwa syo:nenni bo:de tatakareta. hebi=wa snake=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT bo:=de stick=INST tatak-are-ta hit-PASS-PST ‘The snake was hit with a stick by the boy.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
124 |
(125) Syo:nenwa bo:de hebio tatakeru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP bo:=de stick=INST hebi=o snake=ACC tatak-e-ru hit-POT-NPST ‘The boy can hit the snake with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
125 |
(126) Ano hebiwa, amari ugokanaikara, bo:de tatakeru. ano that hebi=wa snake=TOP amari not.so ugoka-nai=kara move.IRR-NEG=because bo:=de stick=INST tatak-e-ru hit-POT-NPST ‘That snake is easy to hit because it does not move a lot.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
126 |
(127) Sono syo:nenga hebini sawatta. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM hebi=ni snake=DAT sawat-ta touch-PST ‘That boy touched the snake.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
127 |
(128) Darekaga syo:neno hebini sawaraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=o boy=ACC hebi=ni snake=DAT sawar-ase-ta touch-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy touch the snake.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
128 |
(129) Hebiga syo:nen{ni/niyotte} sawarareta. hebi=ga snake=NOM syo:nen={ni/niyotte} boy={DAT/by} sawar-are-ta touch-PASS-PST ‘The snake was touched by the boy.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
129 |
(130) Syo:nenwa hebini sawareru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP hebi=ni snake=DAT sawar-e-ru touch-POT-NPST ‘The boy can touch the snake.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
130 |
(131) Ano hebiwa sawareru (kowakunaikara). ano that hebi=wa snake=TOP sawar-e-ru touch-POT-NPST kowaku fearful nai=kara NEG.NPST=because ‘That snake is easy to touch (because it is not fearful).’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
131 |
(132) Sono syo:nenga naihude pano kitta. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM naihu=de knife=INST pan=o bread=ACC kit-ta cut-PST ‘That boy cut the bread with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V |
132 |
(133) Panga naihude kirasatta. pan=ga bread=NOM naihu=de knife=INST kir-asat-ta cut-AC-PST ‘The bread got cut with the knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
133 |
(134) Darekaga sono syo:nenni pano kiraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that syo:nen=ni boy=DAT pan=o bread=ACC kir-ase-ta cut-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that boy cut the bread.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
134 |
(135) Panga kireta. pan=ga bread=NOM kire-ta cut-PST ‘The bread was cut.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
135 |
(136) Sono syo:nenga pano kireru. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM pan=o bread=ACC kir-e-ru cut-POT-NPST ‘That boy can cut the bread.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
136 |
(137) Panga kireru. pan=ga bread=NOM kir-e-ru cut-POT-NPST ‘The bread cuts easily.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
137 |
(138) Sono syo:nenga sono musumekara {pen/kobu}o totta. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM sono that musume=kara girl=ABL {pen/kobu}=o {pen/lump}=ACC tot-ta take-PST ‘That boy took a pen/lump from that girl.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-abl 3-acc V |
138 |
(139) Darekaga syo:nenni musumekara peno toraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT musume=kara girl=ABL pen=o pen=ACC tor-ase-ta take-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy take a pen from the girl.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
139 |
(140) {posuta:/kobu}ga toreta. {posuta:/kobu}=ga {poster/lump}=NOM tore-ta take-PST ‘The poster/lump came off.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
140 |
(141) Musumega syo:nenkara peno torareta. musume=ga girl=NOM syo:nen=kara boy=ABL pen=o pen=ACC tor-are-ta take-PASS-PST ‘The girl had her pen taken by the boy.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
141 |
(142) Musumekara penga toreta. musume=kara girl=ABL pen=ga pen=NOM tor-e-ta take-POT-PST ‘(Someone) can take a pen from the girl.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
142 |
(143) Sono syo:nenga kikara ringoo moida. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM ki=kara tree=ABL ringo=o apple=ACC moi-da take-PST ‘That boy picked an apple from the tree.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-abl 3-acc V |
143 |
(144) Kyu:riga mogasatta. kyu:ri=ga cucumber=NOM mog-asat-ta take-AC-PST ‘The cucumber got harvested.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
144 |
(145) Darekaga sono musumeni kyu:rio mogaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT kyu:ri=o cucumber=ACC mog-ase-ta take-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl harvest a cucumber.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
145 |
(146) Edaga mogeta. eda=ga twig=NOM moge-ta take-PST ‘The twig snapped off.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
146 |
(147) Kyu:riga musume{ni/niyotte} mogareta. kyu:ri=ga cucumber=NOM musume={ni/niyotte} girl={DAT/by} mog-are-ta take-PASS-PST ‘The cucumber was harvested by the girl.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
147 |
(148) Musumewa sono kyu:rio mogeru. musume=wa girl=TOP sono that kyu:ri=o cucumber=ACC mog-e-ru take-POT-NPST ‘The girl can harvest that cucumber.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
148 |
(149) Ano kyu:riwa mo: mogeruyo. ano that kyu:ri=wa cucumber=TOP mo: already mog-e-ru=yo take-POT-NPST=PRT ‘That cucumber is ready to be harvested.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
149 |
(150) Sono musumega hon{kara/no} pe:zio hikitigitta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM hon={kara/no} book={ABL/GEN} pe:zi=o page=ACC hikitigit-ta tear-PST ‘That girl tore the page from the book.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-abl 3-acc V |
150 |
(151) Hon{no/kara} pe:ziga hikitigirasatta. hon={no/kara} book={GEN/ABL} pe:zi=ga page=NOM hikitigir-asat-ta tear-AC-PST ‘The page of the book got torn.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
151 |
(152) Darekaga sono musumeni hon{no/kara} pe:zio hikitigiraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hon={no/kara} book={GEN/ABL} pe:zi=o page=ACC hikitigir-ase-ta tear-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl tear the page from the book.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
152 |
(153) Hon{kara/no} pe:ziga sono musumeni hikitigirareta. hon={kara/no} book={ABL/GEN} pe:zi=ga page=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hikitigir-are-ta tear-PASS-PST ‘The page of the book was torn by that girl.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
153 |
(154) Sono musumewa, kowaimonosirazudakara, donna daizina hondemo hikitigireru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP kowaimonosirazu=dakara reckless=because donna any.kind.of daizi=na important=ADN hon=demo book=even hikitigir-e-ru tear-POT-NPST ‘Because she is fearless, that girl can tear even the very expensive books.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
154 |
(155) Ano honno pe:ziwa hikitigireru. ano that hon=no book=GEN pe:zi=wa page=TOP hikitigir-e-ru tear-POT-NPST ‘That book's pages tear easily.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
155 |
(156) Sono musumega ringono kawao muita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM ringo=no apple=GEN kawa=o skin=ACC mui-ta peel-PST ‘That girl peeled the apple.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
156 |
(157) Ringono kawaga mukasatta. ringo=no apple=GEN kawa=ga skin=NOM muk-asat-ta peel-AC-PST ‘The apple got peeled.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
157 |
(158) Darekaga sono musumeni ringono kawao mukaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT ringo=no apple=GEN kawa=o skin=ACC muk-ase-ta peel-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl peel the apple.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
158 |
(159) Hiyake site kawaga mukeru. hiyake sun.burn si-te do-GER kawa=ga skin=NOM muke-ru peel-NPST ‘Because of the sun burn, the skin is peeling.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
159 |
(160) Ringono kawaga sono musumeni mukareta. ringo=no apple=GEN kawa=ga skin=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT muk-are-ta peel-PASS-PST ‘The apple was peeled by that girl.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
160 |
(161) Sono musumewa ringono kawao mukeru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP ringo=no apple=GEN kawa=o skin=ACC muk-e-ru peel-POT-NPST ‘That girl can peel the apple.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
161 |
(162) Sono musumega sense:no hono kakusita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=o book=ACC kakusi-ta hide-PST ‘That girl hid the teacher's book.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
162 |
(163) Darekaga musumeni sense:no hono kakusaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM musume=ni girl=DAT sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=o book=ACC kakus-ase-ta hide-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the girl hide the teacher's book.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
163 |
(164) Sono otokoniyotte sense:no honga kakusareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=ga book=NOM kakus-are-ta hide-PASS-PST ‘The teacher's book was hidden by that man.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
164 |
(165) Sono musumewa sense:no hono kakuseru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=o book=ACC kakus-e-ru hide-POT-NPST ‘That girl can hide the teacher's book.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
165 |
(166) Sono honwa kakuseru. sono that hon=wa book=TOP kakus-e-ru hide-POT-NPST ‘That book is easy to hide.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
166 |
(167) Sono musumega sense:ni hono miseta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sense:=ni teacher=DAT hon=o book=ACC mise-ta show-PST ‘That girl showed a book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
167 |
(168) Honga sense:ni miserasaru. hon=ga book=NOM sense:=ni teacher=DAT mise-rasar-u show-AC-NPST ‘The book will get shown to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
168 |
(169) Sense:ga hono miru. sense:=ga teacher=NOM hon=o book=ACC mi-ru see-NPST ‘The teacher will look at the book.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
169 |
(170) Sense:wa musumesanni hono miserareta. sense:=wa teacher=TOP musumesan=ni girl=DAT hon=o book=ACC mise-rare-ta show-PASS-PST ‘The teacher was shown a book by the girl.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
170 |
(171) Sono musumewa sense:ni hono miserareru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP sense:=ni teacher=DAT hon=o book=ACC mise-rare-ru show-POT-NPST ‘That girl can show a book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
171 |
(172) Kono honwa sense:ni miserareru. kono this hon=wa book=TOP sense:=ni teacher=DAT mise-rare-ru show-POT-NPST ‘This book can be shown to the teacher.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
172 |
(173) Watasiga musukoni hono yatta. watasi=ga 1sg=NOM musuko=ni son=DAT hon=o book=ACC yat-ta give-PST ‘I gave a book to my son.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
173 |
(174) Sono musumewa hono sense:ni yareru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC sense:=ni teacher=DAT yar-e-ru give-POT-NPST ‘That girl can give a book to the teacher.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
174 |
(175) Sono honwa musukoni yareru. sono that hon=wa book=TOP musuko=ni son=DAT yar-e-ru give-POT-NPST ‘That book can be given to my son.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
175 |
(176) Sono nusumega {sense:/gakko:}ni hono okutta. sono that nusume=ga girl=NOM {sense:/gakko:}=ni {teacher/school}=DAT hon=o book=ACC okut-ta send-PST ‘That girl sent the book to the teacher/school.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
176 |
(177) Honga gakko:ni okurasatta. hon=ga book=NOM gakko:=ni school=DAT okur-asat-ta send-AC-PST ‘The book got sent to the school.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
177 |
(178) Darekaga sono musumeni hono sense:no tokoroni okuraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hon=o book=ACC sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT okur-ase-ta send-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl send the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Causative |
178 |
(179) {Sense:wa/gakko:wa} musumesanniyotte hono okurareta. {sense:=wa/gakko:=wa} {teacher=TOP/school=TOP} musumesan=niyotte girl=by hon=o book=ACC okur-are-ta send-PASS-PST ‘The teacher/school was sent the book by that girl.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
179 |
(180) Musumesanniyotte honga sense:no tokoroni okurareta. musumesan=niyotte girl=by hon=ga book=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT okur-are-ta send-PASS-PST ‘The book was sent to the teacher by the girl.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
180 |
(181) Musumesanwa hono sense:no tokoroni hono okureru. musumesan=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT okur-e-ru send-POT-NPST ‘That girl can send the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
181 |
(182) Honwa sense:no tokoroni okureru. hon=wa book=TOP sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT okur-e-ru send-POT-NPST ‘The book can be sent to the teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
182 |
(183) Sono musumega sense:no tokoroni hono hakonda. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hon=o book=ACC hakon-da carry-PST ‘That girl carried the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
183 |
(184) Honga sense:no tokoroni hakobasatta. hon=ga book=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hakob-asat-ta carry-AC-PST ‘The book got carried to the teacher.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
184 |
(185) Darekaga sono musumeni hono sense:no tokoroni hakobaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hon=o book=ACC sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hakob-ase-ta carry-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl carry the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Causative |
185 |
(186) Sono musumeniyotte honga sense:no tokoroni hakobareta. sono that musume=niyotte girl=by hon=ga book=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hakob-are-ta carry-PASS-PST ‘The book was carried to the teacher by that girl.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
186 |
(187) Sono musumewa hono sense:no tokoroni hakoberu. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hakob-e-ru carry-POT-NPST ‘That girl can carry the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
187 |
(188) Sono musumega gakko:ni hono hakonda. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM gakko:=ni school=DAT hon=o book=ACC hakon-da carry-PST ‘That girl carried the book to school.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
188 |
(189) Honga gakko:ni hakobasatta. hon=ga book=NOM gakko:=ni school=DAT hakob-asat-ta carry-AC-PST ‘The book got carried to school.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
189 |
(190) Darekaga sono musumeni hono gakko:ni hakobaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hon=o book=ACC gakko:=ni school=DAT hakob-ase-ta carry-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl carry the book to school.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Causative |
190 |
(191) Sono musumeniyotte honga gakko:ni hakobareta. sono that musume=niyotte girl=by hon=ga book=NOM gakko:=ni school=DAT hakob-are-ta carry-PASS-PST ‘The book was carried to school by that girl.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
191 |
(192) Sono musumewa hono gakko:ni hakoberu. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC gakko:=ni school=DAT hakob-e-ru carry-POT-NPST ‘That girl can carry the book to school.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
192 |
(193) Sono otokoga madoni isio nageta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM mado=ni window=DAT isi=o stone=ACC nage-ta throw-PST ‘That man threw a stone at the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
193 |
(194) Darekaga sono otokoni isio madoni nagesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT isi=o stone=ACC mado=ni window=DAT nage-sase-ta throw-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man throw the stone at the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Causative |
194 |
(195) Sono otokoniyotte isiga madoni nagerareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by isi=ga stone=NOM mado=ni window=DAT nage-rare-ta throw-PASS-PST ‘The stone was thrown at the window by that man.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
195 |
(196) Sono otokowa isio madoni nage(ra)reru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP isi=o stone=ACC mado=ni window=DAT nage-(ra)re-ru throw-POT-NPST ‘That man can throw the stone at the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
196 |
(197) Omotakunaikara sono isiwa madoni nagerareru. omotaku heavy nai=kara NEG.NPST=because sono that isi=wa stone=TOP mado=ni window=DAT nage-rare-ru throw-POT-NPST ‘Because it is not heavy, that stone can be thrown at the window.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
197 |
(198) Sono otokoga umao kini tunaida. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM uma=o horse=ACC ki=ni tree=DAT tunai-da tie-PST ‘That man tied the horse to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
198 |
(199) Umaga kini tunagasatta. uma=ga horse=NOM ki=ni tree=DAT tunag-asat-ta tie-AC-PST ‘The horse got tied to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
199 |
(200) Darekaga sono otokoni umao kini tunagaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT uma=o horse=ACC ki=ni tree=DAT tunag-ase-ta tie-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man tie the horse to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
200 |
(201) Umaga kini tunagatteru. uma=ga horse=NOM ki=ni tree=DAT tunagat-te-ru tie-GER.be-NPST ‘The horse is tied to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
201 |
(202) Umaga sono otokoniyotte kini tunagareta. uma=ga horse=NOM sono that otoko=niyotte man=by ki=ni tree=DAT tunag-are-ta tie-PASS-PST ‘The horse was tied to the tree by that man.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
202 |
(203) Sono otokowa umao kini tunageru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP uma=o horse=ACC ki=ni tree=DAT tunag-e-ru tie-POT-NPST ‘That man can tie the horse to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
203 |
(204) Sono umawa kini tunageru. sono that uma=wa horse=TOP ki=ni tree=DAT tunag-e-ru tie-POT-NPST ‘The horse is easy to tie to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
204 |
(205) Kodomoga sono omotyao kini itte iru. kodomo=ga child=NOM sono that omotya=o toy=ACC ki=ni mind=DAT it-te enter-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The child likes that toy.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
205 |
(206) Titiwa kodomoni omotyao kini iraseta. titi=wa father=TOP kodomo=ni child=DAT omotya=o toy=ACC ki=ni mind=DAT ir-ase-ta enter-CAUS-PST ‘Father made the child like the toy.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
206 |
(207) Sono omotyawa dono kodomonimo kini irareru. sono that omotya=wa toy=TOP dono any kodomo=ni=mo child=DAT=even ki=ni mind=DAT ir-are-ru enter-PASS-NPST ‘This toy is liked by any children.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
207 |
(208) Musumewa hahani hukuo kiserareta. musume=wa daughter=TOP haha=ni mother=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC kise-rare-ta dress-PASS-PST ‘The daughter was dressed with the clothes by her mother.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
208 |
(209) Sono otokoga hono tukueno ueni oita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM hon=o book=ACC tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT oi-ta put-PST ‘That man put the book on the desk.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
209 |
(210) Honga tukueno ueni okasatta. hon=ga book=NOM tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT ok-asat-ta put-AC-PST ‘The book got put on the desk.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
210 |
(211) Darekaga sono otokoni hono tukueno ueni okaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT hon=o book=ACC tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT ok-ase-ta put-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man put the book on the desk.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
211 |
(212) Sono otokoniyotte honga tukueno ueni okareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by hon=ga book=NOM tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT ok-are-ta put-PASS-PST ‘The book was put on the table by that man.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
212 |
(213) Sono otokoga hono tukueno ueni okeru. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM hon=o book=ACC tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT ok-e-ru put-POT-NPST ‘That man can put the book on the desk.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
213 |
(214) Honga tukueno ueni okeru. hon=ga book=NOM tukue=no desk=GEN ue=ni above=DAT ok-e-ru put-POT-NPST ‘The book can be put on the desk.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
214 |
(215) Sono otokoga gurasuni mizuo tuida. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT mizu=o water=ACC tui-da pour-PST ‘That man poured the water into the glass.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
215 |
(216) Mizuga gurasuni tugasatta. mizu=ga water=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT tug-asat-ta pour-AC-PST ‘The water got poured into the glass.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
216 |
(217) Darekaga sono otokoni gurasuni mizuo tugaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT gurasu=ni glass=DAT mizu=o water=ACC tug-ase-ta pour-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man pour the water into the glass.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
217 |
(218) Sono otokoniyotte mizuga gurasuni tugareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by mizu=ga water=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT tug-are-ta pour-PASS-PST ‘The water was poured into the glass by that man.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
218 |
(219) Sono otokowa gurasuni mizuo tugeru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP gurasu=ni glass=DAT mizu=o water=ACC tug-e-ru pour-POT-NPST ‘That man can pour the water into the glass.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
219 |
(220) Sono otokoga kodomoni mo:huo kaketa. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM kodomo=ni child=DAT mo:hu=o blanket=ACC kake-ta cover-PST ‘That man covered the child with a blanket.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
220 |
(221) Darekaga sono otokoni kodomoni mo:huo kakesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT kodomo=ni child=DAT mo:hu=o blanket=ACC kake-sase-ta cover-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man cover the child with the blanket.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Causative |
221 |
(222) Mo:huga kodomoni kakatteru. mo:hu=ga blanket=NOM kodomo=ni child=DAT kakat-te-ru cover-GER.be-NPST ‘The blanket is covering the child.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
222 |
(223) Kodomoga mo:huo sono otoko{ni/niyotte} kakerareta. kodomo=ga child=NOM mo:hu=o blanket=ACC sono that otoko={ni/niyotte} man={DAT/by} kake-rare-ta cover-PASS-PST ‘The child was covered with a blanket by that man.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
223 |
(224) Sono otokoniyotte mo:huga kodomoni kakerareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by mo:hu=ga blanket=NOM kodomo=ni child=DAT kake-rare-ta cover-PASS-PST ‘The blanket was put on the child by that man.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
224 |
(225) Utino hahawa sotto sizukani kodomoni mo:huo kakerareru. uti=no home=GEN haha=wa mother=TOP sotto peacefully sizuka=ni quiet=ADV kodomo=ni child=DAT mo:hu=o blanket=ACC kake-rare-ru cover-POT-NPST ‘My mother can cover the child with the blanket quietly.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
225 |
(226) Mo:huga kodomoni kakerareru. mo:hu=ga blanket=NOM kodomo=ni child=DAT kake-rare-ru cover-POT-NPST ‘The blanket is suitable for covering the child.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
226 |
(227) Sono otokoga gurasuni mizuo mitasita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT mizu=o water=ACC mitasi-ta fill-PST ‘That man filled the glass with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
227 |
(228) Mizuga gurasuni mitasatta. mizu=ga water=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT mitas-at-ta fill-AC-PST ‘The water got poured into the glass.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
228 |
(229) Darekaga sono otokoni mizuo gurasuni mitasaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT mizu=o water=ACC gurasu=ni glass=DAT mitas-ase-ta fill-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man fill the glass with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
229 |
(230) Mizuga gurasuni mitite ita. mizu=ga water=NOM guras=uni glass=DAT miti-te fill-GER i-ta be-PST ‘The glass is full of water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
230 |
(231) Mizuga gurasuni mitasareta. mizu=ga water=NOM gurasu=ni glass=DAT mitas-are-ta fill-PASS-PST ‘Water was poured into the glass until it was filled.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
231 |
(232) Sono syo:nenwa, kobosazuni, mizuo koppuni mitaseru. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP kobosa-zuni spill.IRR-NEG.ADV mizu=o water=ACC koppu=ni cup=DAT mitas-e-ru fill-POT-NPST ‘That boy can pour the water into the cup without spilling it.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
232 |
(233) Sono otokoga gurasuo mizude mitasita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM gurasu=o glass=ACC mizu=de water=INST mitasi-ta fill-PST ‘That man filled the glass with the water.’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc (3-instr) V |
233 |
(234) Gurasuga mizude mitasatta. gurasu=ga glass=NOM mizu=de water=INST mitas-at-ta fill-AC-PST ‘The glass got filled with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
234 |
(235) Darekaga sono otokoni gurasuo mizude mitasaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT gurasu=o glass=ACC mizu=de water=INST mitas-ase-ta fill-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man fill the glass with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
235 |
(236) Gurasuga mizude mitite ita. gurasu=ga glass=NOM mizu=de water=INST miti-te fill-GER i-ta be-PST ‘The glass is full of water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
236 |
(237) Gurasuga mizude mitasareta. gurasu=ga glass=NOM mizu=de water=INST mitas-are-ta fill-PASS-PST ‘The glass was filled with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
237 |
(238) Sono akanbo:wa gurasuo mizude mitaseru. sono that akanbo:=wa baby=TOP gurasu=o glass=ACC mizu=de water=INST mitas-e-ru fill-POT-NPST ‘That baby can fill the glass with water.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
238 |
(239) Sono otokoga nigurumani hosikusao tunda. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM niguruma=ni cart=DAT hosikusa=o hay=ACC tun-da load-PST ‘That man loaded the hay on the wagon.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
239 |
(240) Hosikusaga nigurumani tumasatta. hosikusa=ga hay=NOM niguruma=ni cart=DAT tum-asat-ta load-AC-PST ‘The hay got loaded on the wagon.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
240 |
(241) Darekaga sono otokoni hosikusao nigurumani tumaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT hosikusa=o hay=ACC niguruma=ni cart=DAT tum-ase-ta load-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man load the hay on the wagon.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Causative |
241 |
(242) Sono otokoniyotte hosikusaga nigurumani tumareta. sono that otoko=niyotte man=by hosikusa=ga hay=NOM niguruma=ni cart=DAT tum-are-ta load-PASS-PST ‘The hay was loaded on the wagon by that man.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
242 |
(243) Sono otokowa hosikusao nigurumani tumeru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP hosikusa=o hay=ACC niguruma=ni cart=DAT tum-e-ru load-POT-NPST ‘That man can load the hay on the wagon.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
243 |
(244) Sono hosikusawa nigurumani tumeru. sono that hosikusa=wa hay=TOP niguruma=ni cart=DAT tum-e-ru load-POT-NPST ‘That hay can be loaded on the wagon.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
244 |
(245) Sono musumega mabatakio sita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM mabataki=o blink=ACC si-ta do-PST ‘That girl blinked.’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
245 |
(246) Kantokuga zyoyu:ni mabatakio saseta. kantoku=ga director=NOM zyoyu:=ni actress=DAT mabataki=o blink=ACC s-ase-ta do-CAUS-PST ‘The director made the actress blink.’ |
★ | BLINK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
246 |
(247) Sono otokoga sekio sita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM seki=o cough=ACC si-ta do-PST ‘That man coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
247 |
(248) Darekaga sono otokoni sekio saseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT seki=o cough=ACC s-ase-ta do-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man cough.’ |
★ | COUGH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
248 |
(249) Sono otodoga okani nobotta. sono that otodo=ga man=NOM oka=ni hill=DAT nobot-ta climb-PST ‘That man climbed the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
249 |
(250) Darekaga sono otokoo okani noboraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=o man=ACC oka=ni hill=DAT nobor-ase-ta climb-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man climb the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Causative |
250 |
(251) Otokowa okani noboreru. otoko=wa man=TOP oka=ni hill=DAT nobor-e-ru climb-POT-NPST ‘The man can climb the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
251 |
(252) Sono otodoga okao nobotta. sono that otodo=ga man=NOM oka=o hill=ACC nobot-ta climb-PST ‘That man climbed the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
252 |
(253) Darekaga sono otokoni okao noboraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT oka=o hill=ACC nobor-ase-ta climb-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man climb the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Causative |
253 |
(254) Otokowa okao noboreru. otoko=wa man=TOP oka=o hill=ACC nobor-e-ru climb-POT-NPST ‘The man can climb the hill.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
254 |
(255) Sono kodomoga ko:te:o hasitta. sono that kodomo=ga child=NOM ko:te:=o ground=ACC hasit-ta run-PST ‘That child ran around the school ground.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
255 |
(256) Sense:ga kodomoni ko:te:o hasiraseta. sense:=ga teacher=NOM kodomo=ni child=DAT ko:te:=o ground=ACC hasir-ase-ta run-CAUS-PST ‘The teacher made the children run around the school ground.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
256 |
(257) Sono kodomowa ko:te:o hayaku hasireru. sono that kodomo=wa child=TOP ko:te:=o ground=ACC hayaku fast hasir-e-ru run-POT-NPST ‘That child can run fast around the school ground.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
257 |
(258) Sono otokoga suwatta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM suwat-ta sit-PST ‘That man sat down.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
258 |
(259) Darekaga sono otokoo yukani suwaraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=o man=ACC yuka=ni floor=DAT suwar-ase-ta sit-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man sit down on the floor.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
259 |
(260) Sono otokowa yukani suwareru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP yuka=ni floor=DAT suwar-e-ru sit-POT-NPST ‘That man can sit on the floor.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
260 |
(261) Kodomotatiwa bentini kosikaketa. kodomotati=wa children=TOP benti=ni bench=DAT kosikake-ta sit.down-PST ‘The children sat down on the bench.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
261 |
(262) Otonatatiwa kodomotati{o/ni} bentini kosikakesaseta. otonatati=wa grown.ups=TOP kodomotati={o/ni} children={ACC/DAT} benti=ni bench=DAT kosikake-sase-ta sit.down-CAUS-PST ‘The grown-ups made the children sit down on the bench.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
262 |
(263) Kodomotatiwa zibunde bentini kosikakerareru. kodomotati=wa children=TOP zibunde by.oneself benti=ni bench=DAT kosikake-rare-ru sit.down-POT-NPST ‘Children can sit down by themselves.’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
263 |
(264) Kodomoga yukano uede haneta. kodomo=ga child=NOM yuka=no floor=GEN ue=de above=INST hane-ta jump-PST ‘The child bounced on the floor.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
264 |
(265) Darekaga kodomoo yukano uede hanesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM kodomo=o child=ACC yuka=no floor=GEN ue=de above=INST hane-sase-ta jump-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the child bounce on the floor.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Causative |
265 |
(266) Kodomoga yukano uede hanerareru. kodomo=ga child=NOM yuka=no floor=GEN ue=de above=INST hane-rare-ru jump-POT-NPST ‘The child can bounce on the floor.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
266 |
(267) Sono syo:nenga utao utatta. sono that syo:nen=ga boy=NOM uta=o song=ACC utat-ta sing-PST ‘The boy sang a song.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
267 |
(268) Darekaga syo:nenni utao utawaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT uta=o song=ACC utaw-ase-ta sing-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy sing a song.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Causative |
268 |
(269) Sono utaga minnani utawarete iru. sono that uta=ga song=NOM minna=ni everybody=DAT utaw-are-te sing-PASS-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘That song is sung by everybody.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
269 |
(270) Syo:nenwa utao utaeru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP uta=o song=ACC uta-e-ru sing-POT-NPST ‘The boy can sing a song.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
270 |
(271) Sono utawa kodomonimo utaeru. sono that uta=wa song=TOP kodomo=ni=mo child=DAT=also uta-e-ru sing-POT-NPST ‘Even children can sing that song.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
271 |
(272) Sono syo:nenwa ekini itta. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP eki=ni station=DAT it-ta go-PST ‘That boy went to the station.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
272 |
(273) Darekaga sono syo:neno ekini ikaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that syo:nen=o boy=ACC eki=ni station=DAT ik-ase-ta go-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy go to the station.’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Causative |
273 |
(274) Sono syo:nenwa ekini ikeru. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP eki=ni station=DAT ik-e-ru go-POT-NPST ‘That boy can go to the station.’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
274 |
(275) Syo:nenga murao dete itta. syo:nen=ga boy=NOM mura=o village=ACC de-te leave-GER it-ta go-PST ‘The boy left the village.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
275 |
(276) Darekaga syo:nen{o/ni} murakara dete ikaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen={o/ni} boy={ACC/DAT} mura=kara village=ABL de-te leave-GER ik-ase-ta go-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy leave the village.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
276 |
(277) Syo:nenwa murakara dete ikeru. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP mura=kara village=ABL de-te leave-GER ik-e-ru be-POT-NPST ‘The boy can leave the village.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
277 |
(278) Sono syo:nenwa sono murani sunde ita. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP sono that mura=ni village=DAT sun-de live-GER i-ta be-PST ‘That boy lived in that village.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
278 |
(279) Darekaga sono syo:nen{ni/o} sono murani sumaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that syo:nen={ni/o} boy={DAT/ACC} sono that mura=ni village=DAT sum-ase-ta live-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy live in that village.’ |
★ | LIVE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
279 |
(280) Sono syo:nenwa sono murani sumeru. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP sono that mura=ni village=DAT sum-e-ru live-POT-NPST ‘The boy can live in that village.’ |
★ | LIVE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
280 |
(281) Sono murawa, ko:kyo:ryo:kinga yasuinode, sigotoga nai hitonimo sumeru. sono that mura=wa village=TOP ko:kyo:ryo:kin=ga cost.of.living=NOM yasu-i=node cheep-NPST=because sigoto=ga job=NOM na-i not.exist-NPST hito=ni=mo man=DAT=also sum-e-ru live-POT-NPST ‘Because the public utility rates are low, that village is easy to live in even for the poor people.’ |
★ | LIVE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
281 |
(282) Sono musumega waratta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM warat-ta laugh-PST ‘That girl laughed.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
282 |
(283) Darekaga sono musume{o/ni} warawaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume={o/ni} girl={ACC/DAT} waraw-ase-ta laugh-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl laugh.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
283 |
(284) Sono musumega bokuno kotoo waratta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM boku=no 1sg=GEN koto=o thing=ACC warat-ta laugh-PST ‘That girl laughed at me.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
284 |
(285) Bokuwa sono musumeni warawareta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP sono that musume=ni girl=DAT waraw-are-ta laugh-PASS-PST ‘I was laughed at by that girl.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
285 |
(286) Sono e:gawa waraeru. sono that e:ga=wa movie=TOP wara-e-ru laugh-POT-NPST ‘That movie makes you laugh.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
286 |
(287) Otokoga sakenda. otoko=ga man=NOM saken-da scream-PST ‘The man screamed.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
287 |
(288) Darekaga otokoni sakebaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM otoko=ni man=DAT sakeb-ase-ta scream-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man scream.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
an Alternation:
Causative |
288 |
(289) Otokowa nanzikandemo sakeberu. otoko=wa man=TOP nanzikan=demo any.hours=even sakeb-e-ru scream-POT-NPST ‘The man can scream for long hours.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
289 |
(290) Orewa udega {itai/itamu}. ore=wa 1sg=TOP ude=ga arm=NOM {itai/itam-u} hurt-NPST ‘My arm hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-nom V |
290 |
(291) Orewa udeo itameta. ore=wa 1sg=TOP ude=o arm=ACC itame-ta hurt-PST ‘I hurt my arm.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
291 |
(292) Kanozyoga samugatta. kanozyo=ga she=NOM samugat-ta feel.cold-PST ‘She felt cold.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
292 |
(293) Mahuyunanoni wazato sohutokuri:muo dasite samugaraseta. mahuyu=nanoni midwinter=though wazato on.purpose sohutokuri:mu=o soft.cream=ACC dasi-te serve-GER samugar-ase-ta feel.cold-CAUS-PST ‘(Someone) made (someone) feel cold by giving them ice cream although it was in the midst of winter.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
an Alternation:
Causative |
293 |
(294) Sono otokoga sinda. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM sin-da die-PST ‘That man died.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
294 |
(295) Darekaga sono otokoo sinaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=o man=ACC sin-ase-ta die-CAUS-PST ‘Someone let that man die.’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
295 |
(296) Sono otokowa sineru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP sin-e-ru die-POT-NPST ‘That man can die.’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
296 |
(297) Kodomoga asonde iru. kodomo=ga child=NOM ason-de play-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The child is playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
297 |
(298) Bokuwa kodomoo asobaseta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP kodomo=o child=ACC asob-ase-ta play-CAUS-PST ‘I made the child play.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Causative |
298 |
(299) Ano kodomowa hitoridemo asoberu. ano that kodomo=wa child=TOP hitoridemo alone asob-e-ru play-POT-NPST ‘That child can play by herself/himself.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
299 |
(300) Watasiwa kanasi. watasi=wa 1sg=TOP kanasi-i sad-NPST ‘I am sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
300 |
(301) Koibitowa kareno sio kanasinda. koibito=wa lover=TOP kare=no he=GEN si=o death=ACC kanasin-da feel.sad-PST ‘The lover felt sad about his death.’ |
★ | BE SAD ABOUT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
301 |
(302) Darekaga kareo kanasimaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM kare=o he=ACC kanasim-ase-ta feel.sad-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made him feel sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD ABOUT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
302 |
(303) Kareno siwa koibitoni kanasimareta. kare=no he=GEN si=wa death=TOP koibito=ni lover=DAT kanasim-are-ta feel.sad-PASS-PST ‘His death was grieved by his lover.’ |
★ | BE SAD ABOUT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
303 |
(304) Sono syo:nenwa onakaga hetta. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP onaka=ga stomach=NOM het-ta decrease-PST ‘That boy is hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
304 |
(305) Sono syo:nenwa onakao herasite ita. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP onaka=o stomach=ACC herasi-te decrease-GER i-ta be-PST ‘That boy was starving himself.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
305 |
(306) Sono syo:nenwa onakao sukasete ita. sono that syo:nen=wa boy=TOP onaka=o stomach=ACC sukase-te empty-GER i-ta be-PST ‘That boy was hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
306 |
(307) Bo:ruga korogatta. bo:ru=ga ball=NOM korogat-ta roll-PST ‘The ball rolled.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
307 |
(308) Sense:ga mattono uede kodomoo korogaraseta. sense:=ga teacher=NOM matto=no mat=GEN ue=de above=INST kodomo=o child=ACC korogar-ase-ta roll-CAUS-PST ‘The teacher made the children roll on the mat.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
308 |
(309) Sono otokoga bo:ruo korogasu. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM bo:ru=o ball=ACC korogas-u roll-NPST ‘That man will roll the ball.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
309 |
(310) Sono ko:enniwa suro:puga arunode, korogareru. sono that ko:en=ni=wa park=DAT=TOP suro:pu=ga slope=NOM ar-u=node exist-NPST=because korogar-e-ru roll-POT-NPST ‘Because there is a slope in the park, we can roll there.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
310 |
(311) Bo:ruga korogasatteru. bo:ru=ga ball=NOM korogas-at-te-ru roll-AC-GER.be-NPST ‘The ball is there after rolling.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
311 |
(312) Darekaga sono otokoni bo:ruo koroga(sa)seta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT bo:ru=o ball=ACC korogas-ase-ta roll-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the man roll the ball.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Causative |
312 |
(313) Bo:ruga otoko{ni/niyotte} korogasareta. bo:ru=ga ball=NOM otoko={ni/niyotte} man={DAT/by} korogas-are-ta roll-PASS-PST ‘The ball was rolled by the man.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
313 |
(314) Kodomowa, mo: o:kiku nattanode, hitoride bo:ruo korogaseru. kodomo=wa child=TOP mo: already o:kik-u big-ADV nat-ta=node become-PST=because hitoride by.oneself bo:ru=o ball=ACC korogas-e-ru roll-POT-NPST ‘The child can roll the ball alone because she/he is already big.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
314 |
(315) Hunega sizunda. hune=ga boat=NOM sizun-da sink-PST ‘The boat sank.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
315 |
(316) Hunega sizumasatta. hune=ga boat=NOM sizum-asat-ta sink-AC-PST ‘The boat is sunken.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
316 |
(317) Karega huneo sizumaseta. kare=ga he=NOM hune=o boat=ACC sizum-ase-ta sink-CAUS-PST ‘He made the boat sank.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
317 |
(318) Karewa huneo sizumeta. kare=wa he=TOP hune=o boat=ACC sizume-ta sink-PST ‘He sank the boat.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
318 |
(319) Darekaga kareni huneo sizumesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM kare=ni he=DAT hune=o boat=ACC sizume-sase-ta sink-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made him sink the boat.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Causative |
319 |
(320) Hunega kareniyotte sizumerareta. hune=ga boat=NOM kare=niyotte he=by sizume-rare-ta sink-PASS-PST ‘The boat was sunk by him.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
320 |
(321) Karewa sono huneo sizumerareru. kare=wa he=TOP sono that hune=o boat=ACC sizume-rare-ru sink-POT-NPST ‘He can sink that boat.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
321 |
(322) Sammaga yaketa. samma=ga saury=NOM yake-ta burn-PST ‘The saury was grilled.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
322 |
(323) Oka:sanga sammao yaita. oka:san=ga mother=NOM samma=o saury=ACC yai-ta burn-PST ‘Mother grilled the saury.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
323 |
(324) Sammaga yakasatta. samma=ga saury=NOM yak-asat-ta burn-AC-PST ‘The saury got grilled.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
324 |
(325) Danse:wa syo:zyoo tasukerareru. danse:=wa man=TOP syo:zyo=o girl=ACC tasuke-rare-ru help-POT-NPST ‘The man can help the girl.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
325 |
(326) Darekaga oka:sanni sammao yakaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM oka:san=ni mother=DAT samma=o saury=ACC yak-ase-ta burn-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made my mother grill the saury.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Causative |
326 |
(327) Sense:ga watasini hono kureta. sense:=ga teacher=NOM watasi=ni 1sg=DAT hon=o book=ACC kure-ta give-PST ‘The teacher gave me a book.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
327 |
(328) Honga sense:no tokoroni okurasatta. hon=ga book=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT okur-asat-ta send-AC-PST ‘The book got sent to the teacher.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
328 |
(329) Hosite okitakattanoni, darekani samma{ga/o} yakareta. hosi-te dry-GER oki-takat-ta=noni put.ADV-want-PST=though dareka=ni someone=DAT samma={ga/o} saury={NOM/ACC} yak-are-ta burn-PASS-PST ‘Although I wanted to dry it, someone grilled my saury.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
329 |
(330) Darekaga sono musumeni hono gakko:ni okuraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT hon=o book=ACC gakko:=ni school=DAT okur-ase-ta send-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl send the book to the school.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Causative |
330 |
(331) Utino kowa mo: hitoride sammao yakeru. uti=no our=GEN ko=wa child=TOP mo: already hitoride by.oneself samma=o saury=ACC yak-e-ru burn-POT-NPST ‘Our child can grill the saury alone.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
331 |
(332) Musumesanniyotte honga gakko:ni okurareta. musumesan=niyotte girl=by hon=ga book=NOM gakko:=ni school=DAT okur-are-ta send-PASS-PST ‘The book was sent to the school by the girl.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
332 |
(333) Samma, toketakara, yakeruyo. samma saury toke-ta=kara melt-PST=because yak-e-ru=yo burn-POT-NPST=PRT ‘Because it has thawed, the saury is ready to grill.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
333 |
(334) Musumesanwa hono gakko:ni hono okureru. musumesan=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC gakko:=ni school=DAT okur-e-ru send-POT-NPST ‘That girl can send the book to the school.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
334 |
(335) Iega moete iru. ie=ga house=NOM moe-te burn-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The house is burning.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
335 |
(336) Honwa gakko:ni okureru. hon=wa book=TOP gakko:=ni school=DAT okur-e-ru send-POT-NPST ‘The book can be sent to the school.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
336 |
(337) Darekaga ieo moyasita. dareka=ga someone=NOM ie=o house=ACC moyasi-ta burn-PST ‘Someone burned the house.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
337 |
(338) Sono musumega yogoreo huita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM yogore=o dirt=ACC hui-ta wipe-PST ‘That girl wiped the dirt.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
338 |
(339) Kono iewa sugu moeru. kono this ie=wa house=TOP sugu immediately moe-ru burn-NPST ‘This house burns easily.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
339 |
(340) Te:buruga hukasatteru. te:buru=ga table=NOM huk-asat-te-ru wipe-AC-GER.be-NPST ‘The table got wiped.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
340 |
(341) Hukuga kawaite iru. huku=ga cloth=NOM kawai-te dry-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘The clothes are dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
341 |
(342) Sono otokoga zimeno hotta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM zimen=o ground=ACC hot-ta dig-PST ‘That man dug the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
342 |
(343) Hankatiga kawakasatta. hankati=ga handkerchief=NOM kawakas-at-ta dry-AC-PST ‘The handkerchief got dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
343 |
(344) Zimenga horasatta. zimen=ga ground=NOM hor-asat-ta dig-AC-PST ‘The ground got dug.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
344 |
(345) Bokuwa syo:nenni hukuo kawakasaseta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP syo:nen=ni boy=DAT huku=o cloth=ACC kawakas-ase-ta dry-CAUS-PST ‘I made the boy dry the clothes.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Causative |
345 |
(346) Darekaga sono otokoni zimeno horaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT zimen=o ground=ACC hor-ase-ta dig-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man dig the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Causative |
346 |
(347) Sono otokoga hukuo kawakasita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM huku=o cloth=ACC kawakasi-ta dry-PST ‘That man dried the clothes.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
347 |
(348) Zimenga otokoniyotte horareta. zimen=ga ground=NOM otoko=niyotte man=by hor-are-ta dig-PASS-PST ‘The ground was dug by the man.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
348 |
(349) Hukuga syo:nenni kawakasareta. huku=ga cloth=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT kawakas-are-ta dry-PASS-PST ‘The clothes were dried by the boy.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
349 |
(350) Sono otokowa zimeno horeru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP zimen=o ground=ACC hor-e-ru dig-POT-NPST ‘That man can dig the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
350 |
(351) Sono hukuwa sugu kawakaseru. sono that huku=wa cloth=TOP sugu immediately kawakas-e-ru dry-POT-NPST ‘Those clothes dry easily.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
351 |
(352) Amega hutta. ame=ga rain=NOM hut-ta fall-PST ‘It rained.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
352 |
(353) Amagoisiga ameo huraseta. amagoisi=ga prayer.for.rain=NOM ame=o rain=ACC hur-ase-ta fall-CAUS-PST ‘Thanks to the ceremony, it rained.’ |
★ | RAIN |
an Alternation:
Causative |
353 |
(354) Sono otokowa karyu:dodatta. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP karyu:do=dat-ta hunter=COPULA-PST ‘That man was a hunter.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
1-nom V |
354 |
(355) Sono otokoga yamaimoo sutta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM yamaimo=o yam=ACC sut-ta grind-PST ‘That man ground the yam.’ |
★ | GRIND |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
355 |
(356) Yamaimoga surasatta. yamaimo=ga yam=NOM sur-asat-ta grind-AC-PST ‘The yam got ground.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
356 |
(357) Darekaga otokoni yamaimoo suraseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM otoko=ni man=DAT yamaimo=o yam=ACC sur-ase-ta grind-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man ground the yam.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Causative |
357 |
(358) Yamaimoga sono otokoniyotte surareta. yamaimo=ga yam=NOM sono that otoko=niyotte man=by sur-are-ta grind-PASS-PST ‘The yam was ground by that man.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
358 |
(359) Sono otokowa yamaimoo sureru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP yamaimo=o yam=ACC sur-e-ru grind-POT-NPST ‘That man can grind the yam.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
359 |
(360) Sono musumega te:buruo huita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM te:buru=o table=ACC hui-ta wipe-PST ‘That girl wiped the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
360 |
(361) Yogorega hukasatteru. yogore=ga dirt=NOM huk-asat-te-ru wipe-AC-GER.be-NPST ‘The dirt got wiped.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
361 |
(362) Darekaga sono musumeni te:buruo hukaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT te:buru=o table=ACC huk-ase-ta wipe-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl wipe the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
362 |
(363) Sono musumeni te:buru{ga/o} hukareta. sono that musume=ni girl=DAT te:buru={ga/o} table={NOM/ACC} huk-are-ta wipe-PASS-PST ‘The table was wiped by that girl.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
363 |
(364) Sono musumewa te:buruo kire:ni hukeru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP te:buru=o table=ACC kire:ni cleanly huk-e-ru wipe-POT-NPST ‘That girl can wipe the table clean.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
364 |
(365) Ano te:buruwa kantanni hukeru. ano that te:buru=wa table=TOP kantanni easily huk-e-ru wipe-POT-NPST ‘That table is easy to wipe.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
365 |
(366) Sono otokoga zimenni anao hotta. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM zimen=ni ground=DAT ana=o hole=ACC hot-ta dig-PST ‘That man dug a hole in the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
366 |
(367) Zimenni anaga horasatta. zimen=ni ground=DAT ana=ga hole=NOM hor-asat-ta dig-AC-PST ‘The hole got dug in the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
367 |
(368) Darekaga sono otokoni zimenni anao horaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT zimen=ni ground=DAT ana=o hole=ACC hor-ase-ta dig-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man dig the hole in the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Causative |
368 |
(369) Anaga otokoniyotte horareta. ana=ga hole=NOM otoko=niyotte man=by hor-are-ta dig-PASS-PST ‘The hole was dug by the man.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
369 |
(370) Sono otokowa zimenni anao horeru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP zimen=ni ground=DAT ana=o hole=ACC hor-e-ru dig-POT-NPST ‘That man can dig the hole in the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
370 |
(371) Sono zyose:wa imoo hotte iru. sono that zyose:=wa woman=TOP imo=o potato=ACC hot-te dig-GER i-ru be-NPST ‘That woman is digging for potatoes.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
371 |
(372) Imowa mo: horasatteru. imo=wa potato=TOP mo: already hor-asat-te-ru dig-AC-GER.be-NPST ‘The potatoes have already been dug.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
372 |
(373) Darekaga sono zyose:ni imoo horaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that zyose:=ni woman=DAT imo=o potato=ACC hor-ase-ta dig-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that woman dig potatoes.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Causative |
373 |
(374) Sono zyose:wa zyo:zuni imoo horeru. sono that zyose:=wa woman=TOP zyo:zuni well imo=o potato=ACC hor-e-ru dig-POT-NPST ‘That woman can dig for potatoes well.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
374 |
(375) Sono musumega sono otokono senakao osita. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sono that otoko=no man=GEN senaka=o back=ACC osi-ta push-PST ‘That girl pushed that man's back.’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
375 |
(376) Darekaga sono musumeni sono otokono senakao osaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT sono that otoko=no man=GEN senaka=o back=ACC os-ase-ta push-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl push that man's back.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
376 |
(377) Sono musumeni senakaga osareta. sono that musume=ni girl=DAT senaka=ga back=NOM os-are-ta push-PASS-PST ‘My back was pushed by that girl.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
377 |
(378) Sono kodomowa bebi:ka:o oseru. sono that kodomo=wa child=TOP bebi:ka:=o stroller=ACC os-e-ru push-POT-NPST ‘That child can push the stroller.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
378 |
(379) Sono otokoga hankoo osita. sono that otoko=ga man=NOM hanko=o stamp=ACC osi-ta push-PST ‘That man pressed the stamp (on something).’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
379 |
(380) Hankoga osasatta. hanko=ga stamp=NOM os-asat-ta push-AC-PST ‘The stamp got pressed (on something).’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
380 |
(381) Darekaga sono otokoni hankoo osaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that otoko=ni man=DAT hanko=o stamp=ACC os-ase-ta push-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that man press the stamp (on something).’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
381 |
(382) Titini katteni hankoo osareta. titi=ni father=DAT katteni without.permission hanko=o stamp=ACC os-are-ta push-PASS-PST ‘I had the stamp pressed by my father.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
382 |
(383) Sono otokowa hankoo oseru. sono that otoko=wa man=TOP hanko=o stamp=ACC os-e-ru push-POT-NPST ‘That man can press the stamp (on something).’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
383 |
(384) Kono hankowa rakuni oseru. kono this hanko=wa stamp=TOP rakuni easily os-e-ru push-POT-NPST ‘This stamp is easy to press.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
384 |
(385) Sono musumega sense:no tokoroni hono motteitta. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hon=o book=ACC motteit-ta bring-PST ‘That girl brought the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
385 |
(386) Darekaga sono musumeni sense:no tokoroni hono motteikaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hon=o book=ACC motteik-ase-ta bring-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl bring the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
Causative |
386 |
(387) Sono honwa musumeniyotte sense:no tokoroni motteikareta. sono that hon=wa book=TOP musume=niyotte girl=by sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT motteik-are-ta bring-PASS-PST ‘That book was brought to the teacher by the girl.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
387 |
(388) Sono musumewa sense:no tokoroni hono motteikeru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT hon=o book=ACC motteik-e-ru bring-POT-NPST ‘That girl can bring the book to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
388 |
(389) Sono syukudaiwa sense:no tokoroni motteikeru. sono that syukudai=wa homework=TOP sense:=no teacher=GEN tokoro=ni place=DAT motteik-e-ru bring-POT-NPST ‘That homework can be brought to the teacher.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
389 |
(390) Sono musumega sense:no hono nusunda. sono that musume=ga girl=NOM sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=o book=ACC nusun-da steal-PST ‘That girl stole the teacher's book.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
390 |
(391) Honga nusumasatta. hon=ga book=NOM nusum-asat-ta steal-AC-PST ‘The book got stolen.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
391 |
(392) Darekaga sono musumeni sense:no hono nusumaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT sense:=no teacher=GEN hon=o book=ACC nusum-ase-ta steal-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that girl steal the book.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Causative |
392 |
(393) Honga sono musumeni nusumareta. hon=ga book=NOM sono that musume=ni girl=DAT nusum-are-ta steal-PASS-PST ‘The book was stolen by that girl.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
393 |
(394) Sono musumewa hono nusumeru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP hon=o book=ACC nusum-e-ru steal-POT-NPST ‘That girl can steal the book.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
394 |
(395) Sono sense:ga watasini su:gakuo osieta. sono that sense:=ga teacher=NOM watasi=ni 1sg=DAT su:gaku=o mathematics=ACC osie-ta teach-PST ‘That teacher taught me mathematics.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat 3-acc V |
395 |
(396) Darekaga sono sense:ni watasini su:gakuo osiesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM sono that sense:=ni teacher=DAT watasi=ni 1sg=DAT su:gaku=o mathematics=ACC osie-sase-ta teach-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made that teacher teach me mathematics.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Causative |
396 |
(397) Watasiwa sono sense:{ni/kara} su:gakuo osowatta. watasi=wa 1sg=TOP sono that sense:={ni/kara} teacher={DAT/ABL} su:gaku=o mathematics=ACC osowat-ta learn-PST ‘I learnt mathematics from that teacher.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
397 |
(398) Watasiwa sono sense:ni su:gakuo osierareta. watasi=wa 1sg=TOP sono that sense:=ni teacher=DAT su:gaku=o mathematics=ACC osie-rare-ta teach-PASS-PST ‘I was taught mathematics by that teacher.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
IO passive |
398 |
(399) Sono sense:wa watasini su:gakuo osierareru. sono that sense:=wa teacher=TOP watasi=ni 1sg=DAT su:gaku=o mathematics=ACC osie-rare-ru teach-POT-NPST ‘That teacher can teach me mathematics.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
399 |
(400) Bokuniwa sono otoga kikoeta. boku=ni=wa 1sg=DAT=TOP sono that oto=ga sound=NOM kikoe-ta hear-PST ‘I heard that sound.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-dat V |
400 |
(401) Bokuwa sono otoo ki:ta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP sono that oto=o sound=ACC ki:-ta listen-PST ‘I listened to the sound.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
401 |
(402) Bokuga sakanao ryo:ri sita. boku=ga 1sg=NOM sakana=o fish=ACC ryo:ri cook si-ta do-PST ‘I cooked the fish.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
402 |
(403) Bokuwa imo:toni sakanao ryo:ri saseta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP imo:to=ni sister=DAT sakana=o fish=ACC ryo:ri cook s-ase-ta do-CAUS-PST ‘I made my sister cook the fish.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Causative |
403 |
(404) Sakanaga imo:toniyotte ryo:ri sareta. sakana=ga fish=NOM imo:to=niyotte sister=by ryo:ri cook s-are-ta do-PASS-PST ‘The fish was cooked by my sister.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
404 |
(405) Imo:towa sakanao ryo:ri dekiru. imo:to=wa sister=TOP sakana=o fish=ACC ryo:ri cook deki-ru can-NPST ‘My sister can cook the fish.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
405 |
(406) Oyuga waita. oyu=ga hot.water=NOM wai-ta boil-PST ‘The water boiled.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
406 |
(407) Oyuga wakasatta. oyu=ga hot.water=NOM wak-asat-ta boil-AC-PST ‘The water got boiled.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
407 |
(408) Bokuga oyuo wakasita. boku=ga 1sg=NOM oyu=o hot.water=ACC wakasi-ta boil-PST ‘I boiled the water.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument increasing alternation |
408 |
(409) Oyuga wakasatta. oyu=ga hot.water=NOM wakas-at-ta boil-AC-PST ‘The water got boiled.’ |
★ | BOIL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
409 |
(410) Bokuwa imo:toni oyuo wakasaseta. boku=wa 1sg=TOP imo:to=ni sister=DAT oyu=o hot.water=ACC wakas-ase-ta boil-CAUS-PST ‘I made my sister boil the water.’ |
★ | BOIL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Causative |
410 |
(411) Imo:toga oyuo wakaseru. imo:to=ga sister=NOM oyu=o hot.water=ACC wakas-e-ru boil-POT-NPST ‘My sister can boil the water.’ |
★ | BOIL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
411 |
(412) Nikuga tatakasatteru. niku=ga meat=NOM tatak-asat-te-ru beat-AC-GER.be-NPST ‘The meat was softened by pounding.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
412 |
(413) Syo:nenwa zyose:ni donarii tukerareta. syo:nen=wa boy=TOP zyose:=ni woman=DAT donari-i shout-ADV tuke-rare-ta put.on-PASS-PST ‘The boy was shouted at by the woman.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
413 |
(414) Zyose:wa kareni syo:neno donari tukesaseta. zyose:=wa woman=TOP kare=ni he=DAT syo:nen=o boy=ACC donar-i shout-ADV tuke-sase-ta put.on-CAUS-PST ‘The woman made him shout at the boy.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Causative |
414 |
(415) Zyose:wa syo:neno donari tuketa. zyose:=wa woman=TOP syo:nen=o boy=ACC donar-i shout-ADV tuke-ta put.on-PST ‘The woman shouted at the boy.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1-nom 2-acc V |
415 |
(416) Zyose:wa syo:neno donari tukerareru. zyose:=wa woman=TOP syo:nen=o boy=ACC donar-i shout-ADV tuke-rare-ru put.on-POT-NPST ‘The woman can shout at the boy.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
416 |
(417) *Madoga iside warasatta. mado=ga window=NOM *isi=de *stone=INST war-asat-ta break-AC-PST ‘The window got broken.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative with /rasar/ |
417 |
(418) *Darekaga syo:nenni okaneo otokoni motomesaseta. dareka=ga someone=NOM syo:nen=ni boy=DAT okane=o money=ACC *otoko=ni *man=DAT motome-sase-ta ask.for-CAUS-PST ‘Someone made the boy ask the man for money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Causative |
418 |
(419) *Madoga iside wareta. mado=ga window=NOM *isi=de *stone=INST ware-ta break-PST ‘The window broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Lexical argument decreasing alternation |
419 |
(420) Yogorewa sono musumeniyotte hukareta. yogore=wa dirt=TOP sono that musume=niyotte girl=by huk-are-ta wipe-PASS-PST ‘The dirt was wiped off by the girl.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
DO passive |
420 |
(421) Sono musumewa kareni yogoreo hukaseta. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP kare=ni he=DAT yogore=o dirt=ACC huk-ase-ta wipe-CAUS-PST ‘That girl made him wipe off the dirt.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
421 |
(422) Sono musumewa yogoreo hukeru. sono that musume=wa girl=TOP yogore=o dirt=ACC huk-e-ru wipe-POT-NPST ‘That girl can wipe off the dirt.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Potential (ability) |
422 |
(423) Kono yogorewa kantanni hukeru. kono this yogore=wa dirt=TOP kantanni easily huk-e-ru wipe-POT-NPST ‘This dirt is easy to wipe off.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
potential (property) |
423 |