Alternations of Hokkaido Japanese
| Alternation name | Coded? | Description | Examples | Verbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C
|
y | Suffixation of lexical transitivity alternation suffixes -e and -ar results in this alternation. The agent argument is removed and the internal argument (in most cases, theme argument) is promoted to subject position. | 22 | |
|
C
|
y | Suffixation of lexical transitivity alternation suffixes -e and -as results in this alternation. The agent argument is introduced into the subject position and the theme argument of the corresponding intransitive verb is demoted to direct object. | 11 | |
|
C
|
y | The passive predicate is formed through suffixation of /rare/. DO passivization causes the promotion of the direct object into subject position and the demotion of the subject. The demoted subject is case-marked with the dative case particle =ni or the complex case particle =niyotte. | 58 | |
|
C
|
y |
A-nom (L-dat) X-acc V <> C-nom A-dat (L-dat) P-acc V-sase A-nom L/R-dat T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat R/L-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom L-acc P-inst V <> C-nom A-dat L-acc P-inst V-sase A-nom L-acc V <> C-nom A-{acc/dat} L-abl V-sase A-nom L-acc V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc V-sase A-nom L-dat P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc L-dat V-sase A-nom L-dat T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat L-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom L-dat V <> C-nom A-{dat/acc} L-dat V-sase A-nom L-dat V <> C-nom A-acc P-dat V-sase A-nom P-acc L-dat V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc L-dat V-sase A-nom P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc V-sase A-nom P-dat V <> C-nom A-acc P-dat V-sase A-nom R-dat P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat R-dat P-acc V-sase A-nom R-dat T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat R-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom R-gen=tokoro-dat T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat R-gen=tokoro-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom R-gen-tokoro-dat T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat R-gen-tokoro-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom T-acc V <> C-nom A-dat T-acc V-sase A-nom X-{com/dat} V <> C-nom A-acc X-{com/dat} V-sase A-nom X-abl P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc V-sase A-nom X-abl P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat X-abl P-acc V-sase A-nom X-abl P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat X-abl T-acc V-sase A-nom X-acc V <> C-nom A-dat X-acc V-sase A-nom X-acc Y-com V <> C-nom A-dat X-acc Y-com V-sase A-nom X-dat "…" V <> C-nom A-dat X-dat Y-acc V-sase A-nom X-nituite V <> C-nom A-dat X-nituite V-sase A-nom Y-dat X-acc V <> C-nom A-dat X-acc (*Y-dat) V-sase A-nom Y-dat X-acc V <> C-nom A-dat Y-dat X-acc V-sase A-nom Y-dat X-gen-koto-acc V <> C-nom A-dat Y-dat X-gen-koto-acc V-sase E-nom M-acc V <> C-nom E-dat St-acc V-sase E-nom St-acc V <> C-nom E-dat St-acc V-sase E-nom St-acc V <> C-nom Exp-dat St-acc V-sase E-nom T-acc V <> C-nom E-acc V-sase Exp-nom P-acc V <> C-nom A-dat P-acc V-sase S-nom L-dat V <> C-nom S-{dat/acc} L-dat V-sase S-nom L-dat V <> C-nom S-acc L-dat V-sase S-nom V <> ?-sase S-nom V <> C-nom A-dat (Path-acc) V-sase S-nom V <> C-nom S-{dat/acc} V-sase S-nom V <> C-nom S-acc V-sase S-nom V <> C-nom S-dat (X-acc) V-sase S-nom V <> C-nom S-dat V-sase |
77 | |
|
C
|
y | The potential predicate is formed through suffixation of the potential suffixes /e/ and /rare/. The allomorph is determined by the phonological shape of the verb root. When the verb root ends with a consonant, /e/ is selected. For the other cases, /rare/ is selected. The allomorph /rare/ optionally undergoes deletion of /ra/ and it is realized as /re/. The potential 1 construction describes the ability of the agent. The case frame of this construction is the same as that of the corresponding active sentence. In Standard Japanese potential constructions, the subject may be case-marked in the dative. On the other hand, in this dialect, this type of case alternation does not occur. This alternation does not change the valency. | 75 | |
|
C
|
y | Anticausativization in the Hokkaido dialect employs the suffix /rasar/ as a morphological marker. Anticausativization in this dialect applies to the accomplishment transitive verbs. Direct objects in the active sentences correspond to the anticausative subject. Activity verbs can be anticausativized when the combination of verb and object implies a change of state. | 32 | |
|
C
|
y | The passive predicate is formed through suffixation of /rare/. IO passivization causes the promotion of the indirect object into subject position and the demotion of the subject. The demoted subject is case-marked with the dative case particle =ni or the complex case particle =niyotte. The direct object remains in accusative. | 13 | |
|
C
|
y | The potential predicate is formed through suffixation of the potential suffixes /e/ and /rare/. The allomorph is determined by the phonological shape of the verb root. When the verb root ends with a consonant, /e/ is selected. For the other cases, /rare/ is selected. The allomorph /rare/ optionally undergoes deletion of /ra/ and it is realized as /re/. The potential 2 construction describes a property of a certain entity. In this construction, the agent is removed. | 34 |