Examples of Jaminjung
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Yulang ganimindiya warrbani. yulang flower gani-mindi-ya 3SG.A:3SG.P-eat-PRS warrba-ni flying.fox-ERG ‘The flying fox eats flowers.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
1 |
(2) Ganantha <na> warrgi, jalig wuju-ni. gan-antha 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.PRS na now warrgi hold.in.front jalig child wuju-ni small-ERG ‘He's hugging him now, the little child is.’ |
★ | TAKE | the Verb form ganuga | 2 |
(3) Jalig warrgi ganamaya (gujardingni). jalig child warrgi hold.in.front gana-ma-ya 3SG.A:3SG.P-have-PRS gujarding-ni mother-ERG ‘(The mother) is holding the child in her arms.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
3 |
(4) Warrgi ganinyangu, warrgi nganthangu nami, <tu>. warrgi hold.in.front ganiny-angu 3SG.A:2SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV warrgi hold.in.front nganth-angu 2SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV nami 2SG tu too ‘She hugged you, and you hugged her, too.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
4 |
(5) Jijigurrnibiya mung ganingayim ngiyi jalig. jijigurr-ni=biya rock.rat-ERG=SEQ mung look.at gani-ngayi-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-see-PRS ngiyi PROX jalig child ‘A rock rat is now looking at this child.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
5 |
(6) Buliki thanthuwurlangining mung gayu. buliki cow thanthu-wurla-ngining DEM-DIR-LOC.ALL mung look.at ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The cow is looking in that direction.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of stative predicates |
6 |
(7) Wiribni ngarrginani nganthanwarra ganingayim, majani mangurn ganingayim. wirib-ni dog-ERG ngarrgina-ni 1SG:POSS-ERG nganthan=warra what=DOUBT gani-ngayi-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-see-PRS majani maybe mangurn white.person gani-ngayi-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-see-PRS ‘My dog, I don't know what it sees, maybe it sees a white man.’ |
★ | SEE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
7 |
(8) Ngabuj gananggam ngayiny wiribdi. ngabuj smell gan-angga-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS ngayiny meat wirib-di dog-ERG ‘The dog smells the meat.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
8 |
(9) Wiribni ngabuj ganunyangu. wirib-ni dog-ERG ngabuj smell ganuny-angu 3SG.A:3DU.P-get/handle.PST.PFV ‘The dog smelled the two.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
9 |
(10) Ngabuj gayu guyug. ngabuj smell ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS guyug fire ‘The fire smells.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive alternation |
10 |
(11) (Mayini) ganiyangmany mangurn. mayi-ni Aboriginal.man-ERG gani-yangma-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-fear-PST.PFV mangurn white.person ‘(The Aboriginal) man feared the white man.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
11 |
(12) Nangari wujunibiyang ganinyjangmany, <yintit>? Nangari Nangari wuju-ni=biyang small-ERG=SEQ ganiny-jangma-ny 3SG.A:2SG.P-fear-PST.PFV yintit TAG ‘The little Nangari was was frightened of you, wasn't she?’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
12 |
(13) Mugmugnigun <braitenim> ganangu (...). mugmug-ni=gun owl-ERG/INST=CONTR braiten-im frighten-TR gan-angu 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV ‘The owl frightened him (...).’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
13 |
(14) Majani malara ngunthug gananggam, majani yaniba malara. majani maybe malara frog ngunthug like gan-angga-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS majani maybe yani-ba IRR:3SG.A:3SG.P-bite malara frog ‘Maybe they (fish) like frogs (as bait), maybe they will bite frogs.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
14 |
(15) Mugurla, jurriya ngunggu yagbali? mugurla FaSi jurriya know ngunggu 2SG.DAT yagbali place ‘Auntie, do you know the place?’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Verbless/verbal clause with predicative nominal=UV |
15 |
(16) Marndaj jurriya ngayu ngunggu. marndaj all.right jurriya know nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS ngunggu 2SG.DAT ‘All right, I know you (now).’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
16 |
(17) Langa ngagba gurrag. langa ear nga-gba 1SG.S-be.PST.PFV gurrag 2PL.DAT ‘I was thinking about you all.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
17 |
(18) <Grog>gubinji langa gunthuyu. grog-gu=binji alcohol-DAT=ONLY langa ear gunthu-yu 2DU.S-be.PRS ‘You two only think about alcohol.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
18 |
(19) Gagawuliwu yirrijgany wurdbaj. gagawuli-wu long.yam-DAT yirr-ijga-ny 1PL.EXCL.S-go-PST.PFV wurdbaj search ‘We searched for long yam.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
19 |
(20) Yinju <na> <jayin>gu wurdbaja ngagba. yinju PROX na now jayin-gu sign-DAT wurdbaja search:CONT nga-gba 1SG.S-be.PST.PFV ‘Here I was looking for the (street) sign.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
20 |
(21) Ngabulggun barra (jarlig), majani <hot> ganunggum. ngabulg=gun bathe=CONTR ba-rra IMP-put jalig child majani maybe hot hot gan-unggu-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do-PRS ‘Bathe her (the child), maybe she is hot. (child, in river).’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
21 |
(22) Mali gurrany gulyu nganthanggam ngarrgu. mali thing gurrany NEG gulyu rinse nganth-angga-m 2SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS ngarrgu 1SG.DAT ‘You don't wash clothes for me.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
22 |
(23) Jab ngabaji ngurungurung. jab become.detached nga-ba-ji 1SG.S-POT:hit-REFL ngurungurung beard ‘I want to shave (my) beard. (Lit. 'I want to pluck myself with respect to the beard').’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-abs subj[1].V |
23 |
(24) Mindiwardagarram ngiya gurang! mindi-wardagarra-m 1DU.INCL.A:3SG.P-follow-PRS ngiya PROX gurang old.man ‘Let's follow this man!’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
24 |
(25) Nguyungngunthunibiya yugung ganiwardagarrany. nguyung-ngunthu-ni=biya husband-3SG.POSS.KIN-ERG=SEQ yugung run gani-wardagarra-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-follow-PST.PFV ‘Her husband followed her running. /Her husband ran after her.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
25 |
(26) Majani wamam yinyibili gamurr. majani maybe wamam facing yinyi-bili 1DU.INCL.A:2SG.P-POT:get/handle gamurr middle ‘Maybe we two will meet you halfway.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
26 |
(27) Ngayugbiyang yirrgbi ngaj nu! ngayug=biyang 1SG=SEQ yirrgbi tell:CONT nga-j 1SG.S-POT:be nu 3SG.DAT ‘Me, I will be talking to her!’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
27 |
(28) Gurrany yanggi yawunkarra yinyag mangarrawu! gurrany NEG yanggi ask ya-wun-garra=yinyag IRR-2DU.A:1.P-put=1DU.EXCL.P mangarra-wu plant.food-DAT ‘Don't ask us two for food, you two!’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
28 |
(29) Jawijingni ngarrginani yanggi gankarrany "..." jawijing-ni MoFa-ERG ngarrgina-ni 1SG:POSS-ERG yanggi ask gan-garra-ny 3SG.A:1SG.P-put-PST.PFV ‘My grandfather asked me: "..."’ |
★ | ASK FOR | the Verb form yanggi ganarrany | 29 |
(30) "Mulanggirr mali <hambag> nganthiyu!" ganiyu nu, wiribgumalang. mulanggirr dangerous mali thing hambag humbug/bother nganthi-yu 2SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV gani-yu=nu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV=3SG.DAT wirib-gu=malang dog-DAT=GIVEN ‘"You have disturbed a dangerous thing!" he said to him, to the dog.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
UTT2 1-erg 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
30 |
(31) "Nganthurum", warnanggalni ganiyurnu, <dokta>ni. nganthu-rum 2SG.S-come.PRS warnanggal-ni medicine.man-ERG gani-yu=rnu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV=3SG.DAT dokta-ni doctor-ERG ‘"You come here", the doctor said to her.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
UTT2 1-erg 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
31 |
(32) Ngarrginabina gujang bag ngama, I. ngarrgina-bina 1SG:POSS-ALL gujang mother bag break nga-ma 1SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV I. I. ‘I called her I. after my mother.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
32 |
(33) Gugu gardambiyang wirlarrungburru. gugu water ga-rda-m=biyang 3SG.S-fall-PRS=SEQ wirlarrung-burru lightning-PROPR ‘It is raining now (lit. 'rain falls'), with lightning.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V |
33 |
(34) Ngujul ganunggum. ngujul cough ganu-nggu-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do-PRS ‘She coughs.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
34 |
(35) Ngujulb yanyjiyaj. ngujul-b cough-DUR ya-nyj-iyaj IRR-2SG.S-be ‘You might cough / be coughing.’ |
★ | COUGH |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
35 |
(36) Namini ngayiny bardbard ngantharram larrinyni. nami-ni 2SG-ERG ngayiny meat bard-bard RDP-cover ngantha-rra-m 2SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS larriny-ni paperbark-ERG/INST ‘You cover the meat with paperbark.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
36 |
(37) Ngawurrungarnanybiya thanthu mangarra burrbbung. ngawurru-ngarna-ny=biya 1SG.A:3PL.P-give-PST.PFV=SEQ thanthu DEM mangarra plant.food burrb=bung finish=RESTR ‘I gave them the food, all of it.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
37 |
(38) Janyungbarini waladbarini mangarra ganngarnany. janyungbari-ni other-ERG waladbari-ni old.man-ERG mangarra plant.food gan-ngarna-ny 3SG.A:1SG.P-give-PST.PFV ‘That other old man gave me food.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
38 |
(39) Nganthannyunga bawamayan ngayu ngunggu, gurrany malangayij nayurrgu! nganthan-nyunga what-ORIG bawa-mayan shout-ITER nga-yu=ngunggu 1SG.S-be.PRS=2SG.DAT gurrany NEG malangayij listen na-yu=rrgu 2SG.S-be.PRS=1SG.DAT ‘Why am I shouting at you!? You are not listening to me!’ |
★ | SCREAM |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
39 |
(40) Bawa burru-yu=burrag. bawa shout burru-yu=burrag 3PL.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV=3PL.DAT ‘They shouted for them.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
40 |
(41) Majani mayini ganilinymaya ngiyinju jalbud. majani maybe mayi-ni man-ERG gani-linyma-ya 3SG.A:3SG.P-make-PRS ngiyinju PROX jalbud house ‘Maybe the man is building this house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
41 |
(42) <Galigu> wu:juwuju, jardijjardij yirramanyi . galigu calico/tent wu:ju-wuju RDP-small jardij-jardij RDP-erect yirra-ma-nyi 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-hit-PST.IPFV ‘We used to erect small tents.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
42 |
(43) Jardija <na> burragba yirrag <aian> <na>. jardija erect:CONT na now burr-agba 3PL.S-be.PST.PFV yirrag 1PL.EXCL.DAT aian iron na now ‘They were building us iron (houses) then.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
43 |
(44) Yalamburrmabiya yinangunyi ngabulg gardbany (...). yalamburrma=biya saltwater.crocodile=SEQ yina-ngunyi DIST-ABL ngabulg bathe ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV ‘The crocodile got into the water from there.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of change of location predicates |
44 |
(45) Warnda jabbayan gayu yina mangurn, bangawu. warnda grass jab-bayan become.detached-ITER ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS yina DIST mangurn white.person ba-ngawu IMP-see ‘That white man is weeding the grass, look.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
45 |
(46) Wirra jab garam. wirra hair jab become.detached ga-ram 3SG.S-come.PRS ‘Her hair is coming out.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of change of location predicates |
46 |
(47) Miri bag burramanyi gurrubarduni. miri upper.leg bag break burra-ma-nyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit-PST.IPFV gurrubardu-ni boomerang-ERG/INST ‘They used to break its legs with a boomerang.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
47 |
(48) <Ani> burrumanu ning <jambala>ni, langinyni. ani but burru-ma=nu 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV=3SG.DAT ning break.off jambala-ni some-ERG langiny-ni stick-ERG/INST ‘But some people killed it for her, with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
48 |
(49) Ningningmayanbiya burrangga langinymij. ning-ning-mayan=biya RDP-break.off-ITER=SEQ burr-angga 3PL.S-go.PRS langiny-mij stick-COM ‘They are killing them with a stick.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
49 |
(50) <Power>gina ning gajgany. Power-gina power-BEN ning break.off ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV ‘The power ticket (lit. '(thing) for power') ran out / 'died'.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of externally caused change of state predicates |
50 |
(51) Jaligdi digirrij ganimangu jurlag wagurrani. jalig-di child-ERG digirrij die gani-mangu 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV jurlag bird wagurra-ni stone-ERG/INST ‘The child killed the bird with a stone.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of externally caused change of state predicates |
51 |
(52) Majani yangarra digirrij gajgany. majani maybe yangarra kangaroo digirrij die ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV ‘(Many kites are circling there), maybe a kangaroo died.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of externally caused change of state predicates |
52 |
(53) Garlagarla gagba ngiyinju jalig. garlagarla play ga-gba 3SG.S-be.PST.PFV ngiyinju PROX jalig child ‘This child was playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
53 |
(54) Birrg ganjunggana, majani ngarrgina mali, garlagarla-gina. birrg take.away gan-jungga-na 3SG.A:1SG.P-rob-PST.IPFV majani maybe ngarrgina 1SG:POSS mali thing garlagarla-gina play-BEN ‘She used to take them away from me, my things, toys.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form bunug ganiyunggany | 54 |
(55) (Marlayini) <chookchook>=biya thanthu bunug ganangu wanang-ngunyi=warra. marlayi-ni woman-ERG chookchook=biya chicken=SEQ thanthu DEM bunug steal gan-angu 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV wanang-ngunyi=warra where-ABL=DOUBT ‘(The woman) stole that chicken, I don't know from where.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
55 |
(56) Mayi gambaja gayu. mayi man gambaja laugh ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The man is laughing.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
56 |
(57) Burrb bun-jungga-ny marlayi-ni, minyga=warra bilij. burrb finish bun-jungga-ny 3PL.A:1SG.P-rob-PST.PFV marlayi-ni woman-ERG minyga=warra what.is.it.called=DOUBT bilij ashes ‘They took all of it from me, the women did, what’s it called, ashes.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form bunug ganiyunggany | 57 |
(58) <Ani> thanthu gujugujugumalang dalag burrarranyi=yirrag <beg>. ani only/but thanthu DEM guju-gujugu=malang RDP-big=GIVEN dalag send burr-arra-nyi=yirrag 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV=1PL.EXCL.DAT beg bag ‘They only sent us those big bags (of salt).’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
58 |
(59) Mali ngarrgu dalag ganarrany ngarrgu, <teip>nguji, Nangarini. mali thing ngarrgu 1SG.DAT dalag send gan-arra-ny=ngarrgu 3SG.A:3SG.P-put-PST.PFV=1SG.DAT teip=nguji tape=ETC Nangari-ni Nangari-ERG ‘Nangari sent my things for me, tapes and others, Nangari.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
59 |
(60) Thuruthuruny yirranyi yag (buru yagbalibina). thuru-thuruny RDP-carry.under.arm yirr-anyi 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-take.PST.IPFV yag fish buru return yagbali-bina place-ALL ‘We used to carry fish under our arms (i.e. in a cooliman / wooden carrying vessel) (back to the camp).’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
60 |
(61) <det waitbala>ni wanywany ganmamanyi yinyag (langinyni). det DEM waitbala-ni white.person-ERG wany-wany RDP-beat gan-mama-nyi=yinyag 3SG.A:1.P-RDP:hit-PST.IPFV=1DU.EXCL.P langiny-ni stick-ERG/INST ‘That white man used to beat us (with a stick).’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
61 |
(62) Yirrg ngarram nu liny. yirrg tell nga-rra-m=nu 1SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS=3SG.DAT liny word/speech ‘I'm telling her the story.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
62 |
(63) <Langa> Gunamu yirrgbi ngayu, Parkni. langa LOC Gunamu Gunamu yirrgbi tell:CONT nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS Park-ni park-LOC ‘At Gunamu I'm talking/telling, in the Park.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
63 |
(64) Mayini burrima janyungbari. mayi-ni person-ERG burri-ma 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV janyungbari other ‘(...) Another one was killed by Aboriginal people. / Aboriginal people killed another one. (From an account of several deaths).’ |
★ | HIT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
64 |
(65) Langinyniga ganma yinyag. langiny-ni=ga stick-ERG/INST=YOU.KNOW gan-ma=yinyag 3SG.A:1.P-hit.PST.PFV=1DU.EXCL.P ‘He hit us with a stick (as you know already).’ |
★ | HIT | the Verb form ganima | 65 |
(66) Marlayi gurdurruni burramaja. marlayi woman gurdurru-ni fighting.stick-ERG/INST burru-ma-ja 3PL.S-hit-REFL.PST.PFV ‘The women fought with fighting sticks.’ |
★ | HIT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive-reciprocal alternation of IVs |
66 |
(67) Gurrany mard yanthangu, guyugburru, yanthirna! gurrany NEG mard touch ya-nth-angu IRR-2SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle guyug-burru fire-PROPR ya-nth-irna IRR-2SG.S-burn ‘Don't touch it, it is hot (lit. 'fire-having'), you might get burned!’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
67 |
(68) Jalig-ni mard ganangu <motika>. jalig-ni child-ERG mard touch gan-angu 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV motika car ‘The child touched the car.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
68 |
(69) Gad ganima nawij Nawurlani. gad cut gani-ma 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV nawij neck Nawurla-ni Nawurla-ERG ‘Nawurla cut its neck.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
69 |
(70) <Naif>di biyang burramanyi gadgad. naif-di=biyang knife-ERG/INST=SEQ burra-ma-nyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit-PST.IPFV gad-gad RDP-cut ‘They cut it with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
70 |
(71) <Kwin>ni gad ganima <dem>, <ribon>. kwin-ni queen-ERG gad cut gani-ma 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV dem dam ribon ribbon ‘The queen cut the dam, the ribbon.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
71 |
(72) Jalig malyju gad gamaja jimindirrni. jalig child malyju male gad cut ga-ma-ja 3SG.S-hit-REFL.PST.PFV jimindirr-ni knife-ERG/INST ‘The boy cut himself with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive-reciprocal alternation of IVs |
72 |
(73) Gadgadmayan burruyu nu, gadgadmayan burruwiyaj <dina>wungunyi. gad-gad-mayan RDP-cut-ITER burru-yu=nu 3PL.S-be.PRS=3SG.DAT gad-gad-mayan RDP-cut-ITER burru-w-iyaj 3PL.S-POT-be dina-wu-ngunyi dinner-DAT-ABL ‘They are cutting it for her, they will be cutting until lunchtime.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
73 |
(74) Warrgayin nyanying ganuga gugugiyag larrmanbina. warrgayin far nyanying properly gan-uga 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.PST.PFV gugu-giyag water-ABL larrman-bina dry-ALL ‘She took it right away from the water on the dry (land).’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
74 |
(75) Guyug larrmangun bangu:, gurrany thanthu wilannyunga! guyug fire larrman=gun dry=CONTR ba-ngu IMP-get/handle gurrany NEG thanthu DEM wilan-nyunga current-ORIG ‘Get/take dry firewood, not that (deposited) from the flood!’ |
★ | GET | the Verb form ganangu (2) | 75 |
(76) Gujangni birrg ganiyunggana, “bangarna”, ganuwungarna. gujang-ni mother-ERG birrg take.away gani-yungga-na 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.away-PST.IPFV ba-ngarna IMP-give ganu-wu-ngarna 3SG.A:3SG.P-POT-give ‘Mother would take it (toy) off her, "give it to her!" and she would give it to her.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
76 |
(77) Majani janyungni birrg ganinybiyungga. majani maybe janyung-ni other-ERG birrg take.away ganiny-b-iyungga 3SG.A:2SG.P-POT-take.away ‘Maybe someone will take her (your wife) away from you.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
77 |
(78) Janggagu ganarrany jaligdi gurrany yanangu. janggagu above gan-arra-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-put-PST.PFV jalig-di child-ERG gurrany NEG yan-angu IRR:3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle ‘She put it on top so the child would not get/take it.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
78 |
(79) Yurranggammurlu <mani> <peidei>. yurr-angga-m=murlu 1PL.INCL.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS=COLL mani money peidei payday ‘We all get money on a payday.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
79 |
(80) Langiny-nyunga mayadany dirawu burra-mila (marlayini). langiny-nyunga tree-ORIG mayadany skin dirawu peel burra-mila 3PL.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.IPFV marlayi-ni woman-ERG ‘They (the women) used to peel bark off a tree.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
80 |
(81) Wiribgu marrug ngarramni ngayiny. wirib-gu dog-DAT marrug hidden nga-rra-m=ni 1SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS=DS ngayiny meat ‘I'm hiding the meat from the dog.’ |
★ | HIDE | the Verb form marrug ganarrany | 81 |
(82) Yugung gajgany burri, jarligmarlang marrug gardbany. yugung run ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV burri 3PL jalig=malang child=GIVEN marrug hidden ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV ‘He ran away from them, the child, and hid.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
82 |
(83) Gurrurrij marrug gayu. gurrurrij car marrug hidden ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The car is hidden.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
83 |
(84) Marrug ngabuwa (mangarra). marrug hidden nga-buwa 1SG.A:3SG.P-POT:have mangarra plant.food ‘I will keep it (the food) hidden.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
84 |
(85) Mulurruni gagawuli yurrg gankarrany Gilwini. mulurru-ni older.woman-ERG gagawuli long.yam yurrg show gan-garra-ny 3SG.A:1SG.P-put-PST.PFV Gilwi-ni Gilwi-LOC ‘The old women showed me yam in Gilwi.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
85 |
(86) Yurrg ngarram ngunggu yagbali Ngaliwurru. yurrg show nga-rra-m 1SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS ngunggu 2SG.DAT yagbali place Ngaliwurru Ngaliwurru ‘I'm showing you the Ngaliwurru country.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Ditransitive object alternation of IVs |
86 |
(87) Yurrg gankarrany ngayug. yurrg show gan-garra-ny 3SG.A:1SG.P-put-PST.PFV ngayug 1SG ‘She showed (it) to me. (Lit. 'She showed me').’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
87 |
(88) Yurrgmayan bunkarranyiyinyag, <yuno>, mangarranguji. yurrg-mayan show-ITER bun-garra-nyi=yinyag 3PL.A:1SG.P-put-PST.IPFV=1DU.EXCL.P yuno you.know mangarra-nguji plant.food-ASSOC.PL ‘They used to show us two, you know, food and other things like that.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Ditransitive object alternation of IVs |
88 |
(89) Yurrg garraji ngurrgbany. yurrg show ga-rra-ji 3SG.S-put-REFL ngurrgbany rainbow ‘The rainbow shows up. (lit. 'shows itself').’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive-reciprocal alternation of IVs |
89 |
(90) Gugubina ganardgiyany, ngardbinjiwung. gugu-bina water-ALL gan-ardgiya-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-throw-PST.PFV ngard=binji=wung bogged=ONLY=RESTR ‘He threw her into the water, (so that she got) just bogged (in the mud).’ |
★ | THROW | the Verb form ganardgiyany | 90 |
(91) (Jaligdi) diwu ganardgiyany ninunggurruni, dirldirlngarna. jalig-di child-ERG diwu fly gan-ardgiya-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-throw-PST.PFV ninunggurru-ni hand-ERG/INST dirl-dirl-ngarna RDP-draw-ASSOC ‘He (the child) threw it with his hand, the pencil.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
91 |
(92) (Mangurn-ni) dirrg ganarranyi maja langinki (murnungguni). mangurn-ni white.person-ERG dirrg tied gan-arra-nyi 3SG.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV maja do.like.that langiny-gi tree-LOC murnunggu-ni rope-ERG/INST ‘He (the white man) tied them like that to a tree (with rope).’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr 4-loc |
92 |
(93) Balbba barra dirrgguji thanthu mali! balbba side.by.side ba-rra IMP-put dirrg=guji tied=FIRST thanthu DEM mali thing ‘Tie these things (onto the car) side by side first!’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form dirrg ganarrany | 93 |
(94) Langinygi dirrg gayu. langiny-gi tree-LOC dirrg tied ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘It is tied around a tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
94 |
(95) Mali ngarram buru jarrinygi. mali thing nga-rra-m 1SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS buru back jarriny-gi hole-LOC ‘I put the things back in the box.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
95 |
(96) Bardbard garraja burrinyi, bagarlini. bard-bard RDP-cover ga-rra-ja=burrinyi 3SG.S-put-REFL.PST.PFV=3DU bagarli-ni paperbark-ERG/INST ‘He covered himself (with negative effect) for the two, with paperbark.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Reflexive-reciprocal alternation of IVs |
96 |
(97) Dilibman mali, <basket>gi burrarrany (marlayini). dilibman red mali thing basket-gi basket-LOC burr-arra-ny 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.PFV marlayi-ni woman-ERG ‘The red cloth, they (the women) put it in a basket.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
97 |
(98) Warnda, <trailer>-bina yirrarrany. warnda grass trailer-bina trailer-ALL yirr-arra-ny 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.PFV ‘We put the grass into the trailer.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
98 |
(99) (Nalija) lawu ngawarra gunyag, birrigudgi. nalija tea lawu spill/pour nga-w-arra 1SG.A:3SG.P-POT-put gunyag 2DU.DAT birrigud-gi tin-LOC ‘I will pour it (the tea) for you two, in the billycan.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
99 |
(100) Lawu gardam gugu. lawu spill/pour ga-rda-m 3SG.S-fall-PRS gugu water ‘The water pours/spills.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of change of location predicates |
100 |
(101) Bardbard gayu Nalyirri, garrij. bard-bard RDP-covered ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS Nalyarri Nalyarri garrij cold ‘Nalyarri is all covered up, she is cold.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
101 |
(102) (Gugu) burrarranyi jardi (birrigud-bina) (marlayini). gugu water burr-arra-nyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV jardi full birrigud-bina tin-ALL marlayi-ni woman-ERG ‘The women used to fill the tin with water (lit. ...fill water into the tin).’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
102 |
(103) (Gugu) jardi gardany darlubina. gugu water jardi full ga-rda-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV darlu-bina hole-ALL ‘The water filled the hole/bowl.’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form jardi ganarrany | 103 |
(104) (...) gugu gayuma jardi, nyarnangarrang. gugu water ga-yu=ma 3SG.S-be.PRS=SUBORD jardi full nyarnangarrang always ‘(...) the one that is always full of water (lit. the one that water is always full).’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form jardi ganarrany | 104 |
(105) Gagawurli bagurr burr-arra-nyi, (...) mugurruni burrarranyi bagurrbagurr. gagawuli long.yam bagurr inside.container burr-arra-nyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV mugurru-ni paperbark.cooliman-LOC burra-rra-nyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV bagurr-bagurr RDP-inside.container ‘They used to load the long yam in there, they used to put it in the paperbark cooliman.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
105 |
(106) Majani guyawud gayu jawijing. majani maybe guyawud hungry ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS jawijing MoFa ‘Maybe grandfather is hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
106 |
(107) Ngabuluwu guyawud gayu (jarlig). ngabulu-wu milk-DAT guyawud hungry ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS jalig child ‘(The child) is hungry for milk.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY | the Verb form guyawud gagba | 107 |
(108) Dididmayan gangga (futbol). didid-mayan roll-ITER ga-ngga 3SG.S-go.PRS futbol ball ‘The ball is rolling.’ |
★ | ROLL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
108 |
(109) Thawu gardbany (nalija). thawu immersed ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV nalija tea ‘(The tea bag) got immersed / sank.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
109 |
(110) Dilibiyang garnaya, langiny. dili=biyang bright=SEQ ga-rna-ya 3SG.S-burn-PRS langiny wood ‘It is burning brightly now (i.e. with a flame), the stick.’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
110 |
(111) Ngiyagun jirrman gayu, ngarla Port-Keatsmalang larrman gayu. ngiya=gun PROX=CONTR jirrman moist ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ngarla CNTRF Port-Keats=malang Port-Keats=GIVEN larrman dry ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘Here (the country) is moist, but in Port Keats it is dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
111 |
(112) Janyjugun lalabangngarna mayi. Lalabang gangga, yangarrawu. janyju=gun DEM=CONTR lalabang-ngarna hunt.kangaroo-ASSOC mayi, man lalabang hunt.kangaroo ga-ngga 3SG.S-go.PRS yangarra-wu kangaroo-DAT ‘That man is a kangaroo hunter. He goes kangaroo hunting, for kangaroo.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
1-abs V |
112 |
(113) Gardajbiya yirrarranyi gayayi wagurrani. gardaj=biya grind=SEQ yirr-arra-nyi 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-put-PST.IPFV gayayi waterlily.seed wagurra-ni stone-ERG/INST ‘We used to grind waterlily seed with a stone.’ |
★ | GRIND |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V 3-instr |
113 |
(114) Wunyu ngamangu gulban. wunyu wipe nga-mangu 1SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV gulban ground ‘I wiped the ground.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
114 |
(115) Wunyu ganmam yirrag. wunyu wipe gan-ma-m=yirrag 3SG.A:1.P-hit-PRS=1PL.EXCL.P ‘It is making us deaf. (Lit. 'it is wiping us').’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
115 |
(116) Gurr yirrangu (gugu), garal yirrangu. gurr dig yirra-ngu 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV gugu water garal dig.well yirra-ngu 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV ‘We dug (up water), and made a well.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
116 |
(117) Malajagu gurrija ngagba, thunymang gagba. malajagu goanna gurrija digging nga-gba 1SG.S-be.PST.PFV thuny=mang buried.in.hole=SUBORD ga-gba 3SG.S-be.PST.PFV ‘I was digging for a goanna that had buried itself in the ground.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
117 |
(118) (Gagawuli) gananyjam nu buru jaliggu. gagawuli long.yam gan-anyja-m=nu 3SG.A:3SG.P-bring-PRS=3SG.DAT buru return jalig-gu child-DAT ‘She brings it (long yam) back to/for the child.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
118 |
(119) Jurriya nyanying bunyangu dimarna bunyajgina. jurriya=nyanying know=properly buny-angu 3DU.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV dimarna horse bunyaj-gina 3DU-POSS ‘The two were training/teaching their horse.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
119 |
(120) Jurriya gunnganggam baajgu. jurriya know gun-ngangga-m 2PL.A:1SG.P-get/handle-PRS baaj-gu speech-DAT ‘You all teach me language. (Lit. 'you (PL) make me knowledgeable about language').’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
120 |
(121) Yurlnguni gananthama yirrag <bulayi> gujugujugu. Yurlngu-ni Yolngu-ERG gan-anthama=yirrag 3SG.A:3SG.P-bring.PST.IPFV=1PL.EXCL.DAT bulayi fly/tent guju-gujugu RDP-big ‘Yolngu (Aboriginal organisation) used to bring us big tents.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-dat subj[1].obj[2].V |
121 |
(122) Malangayij biyang bunyguga malara majani jalwany. malangayij=biyang hear=SEQ buny-guga 3DU.A:3SG.P-take.PST.PFV malara frog majani maybe jalwany talking ‘The two hear the frogs, maybe talking.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
122 |
(123) "Malangayijbiya bawunyguga!" ganiyu=nu. malangayij=biya hear=SEQ ba-wuny-guga IMP-2SG.A:3DU.P-take gani-yu=nu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV=3SG.DAT ‘"Listen to the two!" he said to him.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
123 |
(124) <Embyulin> malangayij yirragba. embyulin ambulance malangayij hear yirr-agba 1PL.EXCL.S-be.PST.PFV ‘We heard the ambulance.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of stative predicates |
124 |
(125) Ganirrigam ngayiny Nalyarrini. gani-rriga-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-cook-PRS ngayiny meat Nalyarri-ni Nalyarri-ERG ‘Nalyarri is cooking meat.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
125 |
(126) Garnayabiya burrngburrng <ti>. ga-rna-ya=biya 3SG.S-burn-PRS=SEQ burrngburrng RDP:boil ti tea ‘The tea is boiling now.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
126 |
(127) Jamang bul burrurumany yinyag jalig yagburru. jamang finally bul appear burru-ruma-ny 3PL.S-come-PST.PFV yinyag 1DU.EXCL.DAT jalig child yag-burru fish-PROPR ‘Finally the children appeared on us with fish.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
127 |
(128) Yalamburrma bul yanima burragburlu. yalamburrma saltwater.crocodile bul appear yani-ma=burrag=burlu IRR:3SG.A:3SG.P-hit=3PL.DAT=COLL1 ‘A saltwater crocodile might appear on them (people in boats).’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
128 |
(129) Ngilijga burragba janjunud jalig mangarrawu gujardinggu. ngilijga cry burr-agba 3PL.S-be.PST.PFV janju-nud DEM-COLL2 jalig child mangarra-wu plant.food-DAT gujarding-gu mother-DAT ‘Those children were crying for food (and) for their mother.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
129 |
(130) Jaligmalang biyang gulbankiguji gardbany. jalig=malang=biyang child=GIVEN=SEQ gulban-gi=guji ground-LOC=FIRST ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV ‘The child has already fallen on the ground.’ |
★ | FALL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
130 |
(131) Barraj lijburrg burralinymana gatamarlnganyunga. barraj FURTHER lijburrg axe burra-linyma-na 3PL.A:3SG.P-make-PST.IPFV gatamarlnga-nyunga quartz.stone-ORIG ‘They also made axes out of the quartz.’ |
★ | MAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
131 |
(132) Gurrany ngunthug ngangu, waga. gurrany NEG ngunthug like nga-ngu 1SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV waga sit ‘I didn't want to sit around (i.e. stay).’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
1-erg CC2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
132 |
(133) Gurrany ganubunyngarnanyi nuwina jalig. gurrany NEG ganu-b-uny-ngarna-nyi 3SG.A-POT-3DU.P-give-PST.IPFV nuwina 3SG:POSS jalig child ‘He wouldn’t give (him) the two, his children.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Ditransitive object alternation of IVs |
133 |
(134) Yimij ganiyu juwudgu. yimij wink gani-yu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV juwud-gu eye-DAT ‘She blinked for the eye (i.e. to protect the eye).’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
134 |
(135) Burduj gajgany langinybina jayiny ngarrgina. burduj go.up ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV langiny-bina tree-ALL jayiny MoMo/DaCh ngarrgina 1SG:POSS ‘My grandchild climbed/went up a tree.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-all subj[1].V |
135 |
(136) Yugung gangga janju jalig nu gujardingbina. yugung run ga-ngga 3SG.S-go.PRS janju DEM jalig child nu 3SG.DAT gujarding-bina mother-ALL ‘The child runs to her, to the mother.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-all subj[1].V |
136 |
(137) Yugung ganngungany (ngarrgina nanbarn). yugung run gan-ngunga-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-leave-PST.PFV ngarrgina 1SG:POSS nanbarn wife ‘(My wife) ran away from me / left me running.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
137 |
(138) <Hojpil>bina biya yugung burranyi. hojpil-bina=biya hospital-ALL=SEQ yugung run burr-anyi 3PL.A:3SG.P-take.PST.IPFV ‘They took him running to the hospital then / They ran with him to the hospital then.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
138 |
(139) <Dija>nibiya yugung ganarrga durd. dija-ni=biya teacher-ERG=SEQ yugung run gan-arrga 3SG.A:3SG.P-approach.PST.PFV durd hold.one ‘The teacher then ran up to him (to) pick (him) up / The teacher then approached him running (a boy who had fallen).’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
139 |
(140) Gujarding ngarrgina waga gayu yinju. gujarding mother ngarrgina 1SG:POSS waga sit ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS yinju here ‘My mother is sitting here.’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
140 |
(141) Garumany, yina waga gardbany (girrgirrlang). ga-ruma-ny 3SG.S-come-PST.PFV yina DIST waga sit ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV girrgirrlang galah ‘He came, and sat down there (the galah).’ |
★ | SIT DOWN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
141 |
(142) Ngarrginabiya ngajang gajgany <cafe>bina. ngarrgina=biya 1SG:POSS=SEQ ngajang FaMo/SoCh ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV cafe-bina cafe-ALL ‘My grandson then went to the Cafe.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-all subj[1].V |
142 |
(143) L.ni ganungany wirib. L-ni L.-ERG gan-unga-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-leave-PST.PFV wirib dog ‘L left the dog behind.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
143 |
(144) Marlayi nganya gayu. marlayi woman nganya sing ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The woman is singing.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
144 |
(145) Barrajburruni durl ganuga janyungbari mayi wurdbajbina buluwujgu, (...) gugubina durl ganiyu. barrajburru-ni saltwater.crocodile-ERG durl push gan-uga 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.PST.PFV janyungbari other mayi man wurdbaj-bina look.for-ALL buluwuj-gu egg-DAT gugu-bina water-ALL durl push gani-yu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV ‘The saltwater crocodile pushed over one man looking around for eggs (...) it pushed him into the water.’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
145 |
(146) Marring ngayunggum burru. marring bad nga-yunggu-m 1SG.A:3SG.P-say/do-PRS burru belly ‘I feel sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
146 |
(147) Burru marring ganunggum (mulurru ngarrgina). burru belly marring bad gan-unggu-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do-PRS mulurru older.woman ngarrgina 1SG:POSS ‘She is sad, my old lady (mother).’ |
★ | BE SAD | the Verb form burru marring ganiyu | 147 |
(148) Ngayuggayi bujarl ngayunggum, Nangariwu. ngayug=gayi 1SG=ALSO bujarl sad/sorry nga-yunggu-m 1SG.A:3SG-say/do-PRS Nangari-wu Nangari-DAT ‘I too am worried for / sad about Nangari.’ |
★ | BE SAD ABOUT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
148 |
(149) (Jaligdi) burduj ganarram thanthu C. jalig-di child-ERG burduj go.up gan-arra-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS thanthu DEM C. proper.name ‘The child is lifting that C up.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Inchoative-causative alternation of change of location predicates |
149 |
(150) Mululurru burduj burrurruga thanggagu (mayini). mululurru RDP:old.woman burduj go.up burr-urr-uga 3PL.A-3PL.P-take.PST.PFV thanggagu above mayi-ni man-ERG ‘They (the men) took the women up on top.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
150 |
(151) Lawu ganiyu ngabulu janjuni jaligni. lawu spill/pour gani-yu 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.PFV ngabulu milk janju-ni DEM-ERG jalig-ni child-ERG ‘The child spilled the milk.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
151 |
(152) Ngabunyngarnabiya <na:>, lawu. nga-buny-ngarna=biya 1SG.A-POT:2DU.P-give=SEQ na now lawu spill/pour ‘I will pour it for you two. (Lit. 'I will give it to you two pouring').’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Locative-recipient alternation |
152 |
(153) Bujarl gunynganggam. bujarl sad/sorry guny-ngangga-m 2DU.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS ‘You two make her sad.’ |
★ | BE SAD ABOUT |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
153 |
(154) Mayini gambaja gani-mangu janyungbari. mayi-ni man-ERG gambaja laugh gani-mangu 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV janyungbari other ‘The man laughed at (the other one).’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of activity predicates |
154 |
(155) Ngiyiyirram yarrajgu bunyagba. ngiyi=yirram PROX=PAIR yarrajgu afraid buny-agba 3DU.S-be.PST.PFV ‘These two were afraid / frightened.’ |
★ | FEAR | the Verb form yarrajgu gagba | 155 |
(156) Yarrajgu gayu nu gujarding janju jaliggu, <accident>gu. yarrajgu afraid ga-yu=nu 3SG.S-be.PRS=3SG.DAT gujarding mother janju DEM jalig-gu child-DAT accident-gu accident-DAT ‘The mother is afraid for that child, (afraid) of an accident.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-dat subj[1].V |
156 |
(157) Yarrajgubiya gayu nindu, bangawu! yarrajgu=biya afraid=SEQ ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS nindu horse ba-ngawu IMP-see ‘The horse is afraid, look!’ |
★ | SEE | the Verb form ganingawu | 157 |
(158) Ngabulgjabiya yirragbani, wangguwarlanyunga. ngabulgja=biya bathe=SEQ yirra-gba=ni 1PL.EXCL-be.PST.PFV=DS wangguwarla-nyunga saltwater-ORIG ‘We were washing/bathing because of (i.e. to get rid of) the saltwater.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
158 |
(159) Danggadgi gub ganimiliny gulmarri. danggad-gi junction-LOC gub come.off gani-mili-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PST.PFV gulmarri pandanus ‘At the junction (of tree and leaf) she pulled off the pandanus (leaf).’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Locative-recipient alternation |
159 |
(160) Gub bamili ngarrgu lirrjin, warlad ngayu. gub come.off ba-mili=ngarrgu IMP-get/handle=1SG.DAT lirrjin tooth warlad sick nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS ‘Pull my tooth out, I'm sore.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
160 |
(161) Warlad ga-yu janyju warladbari. Ga-rda-m luba warlad. warlad sick ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS janyju DEM warladbari old.man ga-rda-m 3SG.S-fall-PRS luba big warlad sick ‘That old man is sick. He got/fell very ill.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
161 |
(162) Warlad ngayu lirrjin. warlad sick nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS lirrjin tooth ‘I have a toothache.’ |
★ | BE ILL | the Verb form warlad gagba | 162 |
(163) Nanggarni gub ganangu yinju? nanggarni who:ERG gub come.off gan-angu 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV yinju PROX ‘Who took this out / who tore this off?’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
163 |
(164) Gayil gub garumany. gayil tooth gub come.off ga-ruma-ny 3SG.S-come-PST.PFV ‘A tooth fell out.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of change of location predicates |
164 |
(165) (Mali) gub nganyunggany. mali thing gub come.off ngany-ungga-ny 1SG:A:2SG.R-take.away-PST.PFV ‘I took your clothes off. / I deprived you off your clothes.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Locative-recipient alternation |
165 |
(166) Yagbali ngiya <Timber Creek> nij gayu mangurn-giyag, mayini nij yirrarram Gunamu. yagbali place ngiya PROX Timber Timber Creek Creek nij be.named ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS mangurn-giyag white.person-ABL mayi-ni person-ERG nij be.named yirr-arra-m 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-put-PRS Gunamu Gunamu ‘This place is called Timber Creek by white people; we Aboriginal people call it Gunamu.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
166 |
(167) Yirrinyi Namij yinygarram .. dardaga. Nij nyanying yinygarram mangarra. yirrinyi 1DU.EXCL Namij Namij yiny-garra-m 1DU.EXCL.A:3SG.P-put-PRS dardaga plant.species nij=nyanying be.named=properly yiny-garra-m 1DU.EXCL.A:3SG.P-put-PRS mangarra plant.food ‘We two, Namij (and me) call it (a plant) dardaga. We call the plant by its right name.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
167 |
(168) <Klosap> nij ngamiliny jawijingguluwa. klosap almost nij be.named nga-mili-ny 1SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PST.PFV jawijing-guluwa MoFa-KIN2 ‘I almost said the name of your (deceased) grandfather.’ |
★ | NAME | the Verb form nij ganarrany | 168 |
(169) Gamilijabiyang jinij nij. ga-mili-ja=biyang 3SG.S-get/handle-REFL.PST.PFV=SEQ jinij name nij be.named ‘She called her own name.’ |
★ | NAME | the Verb form nij ganarrany | 169 |
(170) Nganthankun thanthiya jurlag yurrarrammulu? nganthan=gun what=CONTR thanthiya DEM jurlag bird yurr-arra-m=murlu 1PL.INCL.A:3SG.P-put-PRS=COLL ‘What do we call this bird?’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
170 |
(171) Ngayug jarning ngarram thanthiya. ngayug 1SG jarning pubic.tassle nga-rra-m 1SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS thanthiya DEM ‘I call that jarning.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs 3-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
171 |
(172) Ngayu ngiya, Murranginy. Gurrany Bulla ngayu, waj ngawungany. nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS ngiya PROX Murranginy Murranginy gurrany NEG Bulla Bulla nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS waj leave nga-wunga-ny 1SG.A:3SG.P-leave-PST.PFV ‘I am/live here in Murranginy. I don't live in Bulla (any more), I left it.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
172 |
(173) Yagbalini ngayu yinjuni ngarrginani. yagbali-ni place-LOC nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS yinju-ni PROX-LOC ngarrgina-ni 1SG:POSS-LOC ‘I am/live/stay here in my place.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-loc subj[1].V |
173 |
(174) Wamalawa, wagurrangulungmang gayu. wamalawa black.headed.python wagurra-ngulung=mang rock-PURP=SUBORD ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The black-headed python (is the one that) lives on the rocks.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-loc subj[1].V |
174 |
(175) Gugu jalaggi gayu yag. gugu water jarlag-gi good-LOC ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS yag fish ‘The fish lives in freshwater.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-loc subj[1].V |
175 |
(176) Guruwuny thawaya ga-yu jalig wuju. guruwuny boab.tree thawaya eating ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS jalig child wuju small ‘The small child is eating boab nut.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-abs subj[1].V |
176 |
(177) Ngabujngabujmayan gayu nuwinawu yagbaliwu. ngabuj-ngabuj-mayan RDP-smell-ITER ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS nuwina-wu 3SG:POSS-DAT yagbali-wu place-DAT ‘It is sniffing around for its home (animal in cage).’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
177 |
(178) Ngiyinanu yirrg burrurrarram mayi, murrgun burruyuma warrb. ngiyina=nu DIST=3SG.DAT yirrg tell/discuss burrurr-arra-m 3PL.A:3PL.P-put-PRS mayi man murrgun three burru-yu=ma 3PL.S-be.PRS=SUBORD warrb be.together ‘They are discussing (gossiping about) those people, the three sitting here.’ |
★ | TELL | the Verb form yirrg ganarrany | 178 |
(179) Gambaja ngabili (jarlig). gambaja laugh nga-bili 1SG.A:3SG.P-POT:get/handle jalig child ‘I'm going to make (the child) laugh.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
179 |
(180) Jalyi jab gananggam. jalyi leaf jab become.detached gan-angga-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PRS ‘She plucks off leaves (off a branch).’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Locative-object (applicative) Alternation |
180 |
(181) Thawu burrarram gugug <na>, gilwa. thawu immersed burr-arra-m 3PL.A:3SG.P-put-PRS gugu-g water-LOC na now gilwa net ‘They immerse/sink the net in the water.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Inchoative-causative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
181 |
(182) (mununggu) dibird burrangu langiny thudbunggi. mununggu string dibird wound.around burr-angu 3PL.A:3SG.P-get/handle.PST.PFV langiny wood thudbung-gi short-LOC ‘They wound it (the rope) around the short stick.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
182 |
(183) Langinygi dibird ga-yu (mununggu). langiny-gi wood-LOC dibird wound.around ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS mununggu string ‘The rope is wound around the stick.’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form dibird ganangu | 183 |
(184) Langiny thudbung dibird burrima, <rop>-mij. langiny wood thudbung short dibird wound.around burri-ma 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV rop-mij rope-COM ‘They "wound" the short stick with a rope.’ |
★ | TIE | the Verb form dibird ganangu | 184 |
(185) Malarabiya dibard ganuny-ngunga-m, bangawu. malara=biya frog=SEQ dibard jump ganuny-ngunga-m 3SG.A:3DU.P-leave-PRS ba-ngawu IMP-see ‘The frog now is jumping away leaving the two, look.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
185 |
(186) Malarabiyang dibard gajgany, wang bunybuyunu. malara=biyang frog=SEQ dibard jump ga-jga-ny 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV wang look.in.vain buny-bu-yu=nu 3DU.A:3SG.P-POT-say/do=3SG.DAT ‘The frog now jumped away, the two will look in vain for him.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
186 |
(187) Dibardbiya ganibarrga mugmug-ni, wirrij gayu nu. dibard=biya jump=SEQ gani-b-arrga 3SG.A:3SG.P-POT-approach mugmug-ni owl-ERG wirrij fight ga-yu=nu 3SG-be.PRS=3SG.DAT ‘It is going to jump at him now, the owl, it is fighting him. (Lit. It is going to approach him jump(ing), the owl is.).’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
187 |
(188) Marringbiya ngayunggum, garrijdigun gannganggam. marring=biya bad=SEQ nga-yunggu-m 1SG.S:3SG-say/do-PRS garrij-di=gun cold-ERG=CONTR gan-ngangga-m 3SG.A:1SG.P-get/handle-PRS ‘I'm no good, the cold is affecting me.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
2-abs obj[2].V |
188 |
(189) Bib ngamiliny ngardurru, jangabiyang ngayu. bib move.up nga-mili-ny 1SG.A:3SG.P-get/handle-PST.PFV ngardurru heavy janga=biyang sore=SEQ nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS ‘I lifted something heavy, and now I'm sore / in pain.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
189 |
(190) Miri janga ngagba walnginynyunga. miri upper.leg janga sore nga-gba 1SG.S-be.PST.PFV walnginy-nyunga walking-ORIG ‘I had sore legs from walking. / My legs were hurting from walking.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
190 |
(191) Burduj ngajgany, jid ngardbany, jamana janga ngarrgu. burduj go.up nga-jga-ny 1SG.S-go-PST.PFV jid go.down nga-rdba-ny 1SG.S-fall-PST.PFV jamana foot janga sore ngarrgu 1SG.DAT ‘I went up and I went down, now my feet are sore.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Verbless/verbal clause with predicative nominal=UV |
191 |
(192) Janga burruma, nanggarniwarra ganima. janga sore burru-ma 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV nangga-ni=warra who-ERG=DOUBT gani-ma 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV ‘They hit her such that she was sore, I don't know who hit her.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Inchoative-causative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
192 |
(193) Nganthanug bawa nganthunggum? nganthan-ug what-DAT bawa shout nganth-unggu-m 2SG:3SG-say/do-PRS ‘Why are you shouting/screaming?’ |
★ | SCREAM | the Verb form bawa ganiyu | 193 |
(194) Gurrany jurriya yirriyu nu yinyjuwu yagbali. gurrany NEG jurriya know yirri-yu=nu 1PL.EXCL-be.PRS=3SG.DAT yinyju-wu PROX-DAT yagbali place ‘We do not know this country. / Lit. We are not knowledgeable about/for this country.’ |
★ | KNOW | the Verb form jurriya (gagba) | 194 |
(195) Gurangni wirib ganuga wurdbaj malajaguwu. gurang-ni old.man-ERG wirib dog gan-uga 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.PST.PFV wurdbaj search malajagu-wu goanna-DAT ‘The old man searched for goanna taking a dog.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of motion predicates |
195 |
(196) Wamam gangga nu bulikibina. wamam face.up ga-ngga=rnu 3SG.S-go.PRS=3SG.DAT buliki-bina cow-ALL ‘He is going towards the cow, facing it.’ |
★ | MEET | the Verb form wamam ganangu | 196 |
(197) Mayi ngiyawurla wamam gayu. mayi Aboriginal.man ngiya-wurla PROX-DIR wamam face.up ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS ‘The man is facing this way.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
197 |
(198) Yanggimib gangga (marlayi). yanggimib ask:CONT ga-ngga 3SG.S-go.PRS marlayi woman ‘The woman is asking around.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Telicity alternation |
198 |
(199) Burunyani ganarram gugu. burunya-ni marsupial.rat.species-ERG gan-arra-m 3SG.A:3SG.P-put-PRS gugu water ‘The rat is making rain.’ |
★ | RAIN |
an Alternation:
Inchoative-causative alternation of change of location predicates |
199 |
(200) (Langiny) bag ganardgiyany langinybina. langiny wood bag break gana-rdgiya-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-throw-PST.PFV langiny-bina wood-ALL ‘She broke the wood by smashing it against another branch.’ |
★ | BREAK | the Verb form bag ganima (1) | 200 |
(201) Bag gajgany ni <bottle>. bag break ga-jga-ny=ni 3SG.S-go-PST.PFV=DS bottle bottle ‘The bottle broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of externally caused change of state predicates |
201 |
(202) Majani bunug bunjunggany (mayini). majani maybe bunug steal bun-jungga-ny 3PL.A:1SG.P-rob-PST.PFV mayi-ni man-ERG ‘Maybe they robbed me. / Maybe someone robbed me.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Locative-recipient alternation |
202 |
(203) Gurrany bunugbunug yanyijga burrag. gurrany NEG bunug-bunug RDP-steal ya-ny-ijga IRR-2SG.S-go burrag 3PL.DAT ‘You shouldn't go stealing on/from them.’ |
★ | STEAL |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of activity predicates |
203 |
(204) Jaligdi wirib burrarranja malajaguwu. jalig-di child-ERG wirib dog burrarra-nja 3PL.A:3PL.S-take.PRS malajagu-wu goanna-DAT ‘The children take dogs for (hunting) goanna.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
204 |
(205) Guyawud nganthinlinymany! guyawud hungry nganthin-linyma-ny 2SG.A:1SG.O-make-PST.PFV ‘You made me hungry!’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
205 |
(206) Dididmayan ganardgiyany, .. ngabulu, dididmayan gardbany. didid-mayan roll-ITER gana-rdgiya-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-throw-PST.PFV ngabulu breastmilk didid-mayan roll-ITER ga-rdba-ny 3SG.S-fall-PST.PFV ‘He rolled it down, the milk tin, it rolled down.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Inchoative-causative alternation of change of location predicates |
206 |
(207) Dididmayan garam ... ganajgiyany didid ... dididmayan ganantha. didid-mayan roll-ITER ga-ram 3SG.S-come.PRS gana-rdgiya-ny 3SG.A:3SG.P-throw-PST.PFV didid roll didid-mayan roll-ITER gana-ntha 3SG.A:3SG.P-take.PRS ‘It is rolling, he rolled it, he is rolling it along. /Lit. translation of last clause: 'He takes it along, rolling it'.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of change of location predicates |
207 |
(208) Guguni thawu gayu (jarlig). gugu-ni water-LOC thawu immersed ga-yu 3SG.S-be.PRS jalig child ‘A child is sitting in the water.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative-stative alternation of predicates of location, position and configuration |
208 |
(209) Barungbiyang ngiya, larrmanbiyang. barung=biyang hot.season=SEQ ngiya PROX larrman=biyang dry=SEQ ‘(It is) the hot season now, (it is) dry / the dry season.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Verbless/verbal clause with predicative nominal=UV |
209 |
(210) Gadgad yirramanyi, larrmanbiya ganina yirrag. gad-gad RDP-cut yirra-ma-nyi 1PL.EXCL.A:3SG.P-hit-PST.IPFV larrman=biya dry=SEQ gan-ina 3SG.A:3SG.P-say/do.PST.IPFV yirrag 1PL.EXCL.DAT ‘We used to cut it up, and it used to dry for us.’ |
★ | BE DRY | the Verb form larrman gagba | 210 |
(211) Yugung burrumam. yugung run burru-ma-m 3PL.A:3SG.P-hit-PRS ‘They run after him.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Transitivity alternation of activity predicates |
211 |
(212) Burru marring ganngankam nguyung-guluwa. burru belly marring bad gan-ngangga-m 3SG.A:1SG.P-get/handle-PRS nguyung-guluwa husband-KIN2 ‘It (the song) makes me feel sad/sorry about your boyfriend (who is far away).’ |
★ | BE SAD |
an Alternation:
Causative alternation of internally caused change of state predicates and non-locative states |
212 |
(213) Burru marring ngagba. burru belly marring bad nga-gba 1SG.S-be.PST.PFV ‘I was worried.’ |
★ | BE SAD | the Verb form burru marring ganiyu | 213 |
(214) Jalangbiyang, (gagawurli) bud ganirriga Namijni. jalang=biyang today=SEQ gagawuli long.yam bud cook.on.coals gani-rriga 3SG.A:3SG.P-cook.PST.PFV Namij-ni Namij-ERG ‘Today, Namij cooked it in the ashes.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of "cooking" predicates |
214 |
(215) Nawurlani bud ganima ngayiny. Nawurla-ni Nawurla-ERG bud cook.on.coals gani-ma 3SG.A:3SG.P-hit.PST.PFV ngayiny meat ‘Nawurla cooked the meat on the coals.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Causative-inchoative alternation of "cooking" predicates |
215 |
(216) Bud gawirnangunggu mangarra. bud cook.on.coals ga-w-irna=ngunggu 3SG.S-POT-burn=2SG.DAT mangarra plant.food ‘Let it cook for you on the coals, the food.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
1-abs subj[1].V |
216 |
(217) Mululurru <helpim> yurrurramila (mayi). mululurru RDP:old.woman helpim help:TR burrurra-mila 3PL.A:3PL.P-get/handle.PST.IPFV mayi man ‘The women used to help them (the men).’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1-erg 2-abs subj[1].obj[2].V |
217 |
(218) Mangarra wirrigaja ngayu. mangarra food wirrigaja cooking nga-yu 1SG.S-be.PRS ‘I am cooking food.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1-abs 2-abs subj[1].V |
218 |