Alternations of Jakarta Indonesian
| Alternation name | Coded? | Description | Examples | Verbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
U
|
n | This alternation reduces the valency of certain intransitive verbs, only the argumentless verb is left. Applies to weather verbs and the like. | 2 | |
|
C
|
y |
S di-V Indonesian allows for symmetrical passives, whereby A ACTIVE-V P alternates with P PASSIVE-V A. There is no demotion of arguments. That alternation contrast with the impersonal passive, where the agent is demoted to an optional adjunct. |
41 | |
|
C
|
y | A V P <> P di-V A | 46 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in P The applicative marker serves a number of functions in the language. Most broadly, it serves to highlight or focus a non-A/S (agent, actor, experiencer) argument. In some cases, it acts to licence a transitive object, as in ex. 26 where the basic form of the verb is intranstive 'closed', and the form with the applicative yields the transitive 'close/cover s.t.' |
55 | |
|
C
|
y | P di-V-in A. | 54 | |
|
C
|
y | O di-V A P | 6 | |
|
C
|
y | O di-V P ama A | 7 | |
|
C
|
y | P di-V-in O ama A | 1 | |
|
C
|
y |
O di-V-in A P Passive of a beneficiary applicative, beneficiary is promoted. |
18 | |
|
U
|
n |
A V P pake I This alternation adds an instrument argument flagged with pake to the basic frame. |
3 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in P pake I This alternation adds an instrument argument flagged with pake to the basic frame. The verb receives applicative marking. |
3 | |
|
U
|
n | A V P buat O | 3 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in P buat O (NB: for 'ajar' must be prenasalized) |
32 | |
|
U
|
n |
A V P ke O This alternation adds a goal argument flagged with ke to the basic frame. ('ajar' requires prenasalization) |
8 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in P ke O This alternation adds a goal argument flagged with ke to the basic frame. The verb receives applicative marking. (ajar requires N) |
10 | |
|
U
|
n |
A V P dari O This alternation adds a source argument flagged with dari to the basic frame. |
4 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in P dari O This alternation adds a source argument flagged with dari to the basic frame. The verb recieves applicative marking. |
2 | |
|
C
|
y |
E ke.an-V The gloss as ke.an-V is meant to signal that the affix is properly as circumfix, and not a simultaneous prefix/suffix. Note that zero valent (46), monovalent (176) and bivalent roots (177) can all undergo this alternation. |
19 | |
|
C
|
y | E ke.an-V T; In this alternation the verb is marked with the circumfix ke.an. Two arguments are specified, a theme and an experiencer. The action denoted is generally negative, something that the experiencer suffers or negatively undergoes. Unlike the adversative passive, however, the theme argument is expressed in this alternation. | 10 | |
|
C
|
y | P ke-V | 35 | |
|
C
|
y | O di-V-in P ama A | 29 | |
|
U
|
n | Derives an intransitive frame from transitive and ditransitive verbs. | 23 | |
|
U
|
n |
A V P Ambitransitive alternation. An object is added to intransitive verbs. |
5 | |
|
C
|
y |
A V-in O P This alternation adds a recipient or benefactive argument. |
31 |