portare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(488)

Luca portò dei fiori ad Anna.

Luca

Luke

port-ò

bring-PST.3SG

de-i

some-ART.DEF.M.PL

fior-i

flower-M.PL

Anna

Anne

‘Luke brought Anne some flowers.’

★

(349)

I fiori vanno portati nelle ricorrenze importanti.

ART.DEF.M.PL

fior-i

flower-M.PL

va-nno

go.PRS-3PL

porta-t-i

bring-PP-M.PL

ne-lle

in-ART.DEF.F.PL

ricorrenz-e

anniversary-F.PL

important-i

important-F.PL

‘Flowers are to be brought when an important anniversary takes place.’

★

(789)

Marco portò a casa Lucia in taxi.

Marco

Mark

port-ò

bring-PST.3SG

cas-a

home-F.SG

Lucia

Lucy

taxi

taxi.M.SG

‘Mark brought Lucy home by taxi.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BRING	Coding set	Argument type
1	bringer	V.subj	A
2	brought thing	Ø	P
3	bringing recipient	a+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(690) I fiori vengono portati nelle ricorrenze importanti. ‘Flowers are brought when an important anniversary takes place.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(689) I fiori si portano come omaggio. ‘Flowers are brought as a homage.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(691) Anna si porta le valigie. ‘Anne brings her suitcases herself.’ ★ (692) Anna e Luca si porta-no le valigi-e. ‘Anne and Luke carry each other the suitcases.’ ★ (693) Ci si porta le valigie in albergo, perché non ci sono facchini. ‘One is carrying/ You/We/ They (indef.) are carrying the suitcases to the hotel oneself/yourself/ourselves/themselves, since there are no porters.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	RRegularly	n		(790) Il taxi ci ha portati a casa. ‘The taxi brought us home.’ ★
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	–No data	y
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > a+3)	(688) Si portano dei fiori alle puerpere. ‘One brings/We/You/They (indef.) bring some flowers to the puerperas.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(693) Ci si porta le valigie in albergo, perché non ci sono facchini. ‘One is carrying/ You/We/ They (indef.) are carrying the suitcases to the hotel oneself/yourself/ourselves/themselves, since there are no porters.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (a+3) (da+1)	(564) In barca a vela si è portati dal vento. ‘On a sailing-boat, one/we/they (indef.) is/are driven by the wind.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	(692) Anna e Luca si porta-no le valigi-e. ‘Anne and Luke carry each other the suitcases.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

portare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples