lanciare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 ( > LOC3)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(433)

Marco lanciò la palla all'=allenatore.

Marco

Mark

lanci-ò

throw-PST.3SG

ART.DEF.F.SG

pall-a

ball-F.SG

a-ll'=allenator-e

to-ART.DEF.M.SG=trainer-M.SG

‘Mark threw the ball to the trainer.’

★

(344)

Va lanciato un missile.

go.PRS.3SG

lancia-t-o

throw-PP-M.SG

ART.INDF.M

missil-e

missile-M.SG

‘A missile is to be launched.’

★

(646)

Marco lanciò la palla molto in alto.

Marco

Mark

lanci-ò

throw-PST.3SG

ART.DEF.F.SG

pall-a

ball-F.SG

molt-o

very-M.SG

alt-o

high-M.SG

‘Mark threw the ball very high.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	THROW	Coding set	Argument type
1	thrower	V.subj	A
2	thrown thing	Ø	P
3	throwing goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > LOC3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(435) È/ Viene lanciato un missile. ‘A missile is launched.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > LOC3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(438) Il missile si lancia dal pontile. ‘The missile is launched from the landing stage.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2] ( > LOC3)	(548) Marco e Giovanna si lanciarono in aria a vicenda. ‘Mark and Jane threw each other into the air.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > LOC3)	(437) Si lancia il dado tentando la fortuna. ‘One rolls/We/You/They (indef.) roll the die trying one's/our/your/their luck.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 (LOC3) a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(436) I bambini si lanciavano in acqua dagli scogli. ‘The children threw themselves into the water from the rocks.’ ★ (439) Ci si lancia in mare dagli scogli. ‘One dives/we/you/they (indef.) dive into the sea from the rocks.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(439) Ci si lancia in mare dagli scogli. ‘One dives/we/you/they (indef.) dive into the sea from the rocks.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	MMarginally	y		(647) Si viene lanciati dall'aereo col paracadute. ‘One is thrown/We/You/They (indef.) are parachuted from the aircraft.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/5 > siV'.subj[1/5] > 2 ( > LOC3)	(434) I bambini si lanciano la palla. ‘The children are throwing the ball to each other.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

lanciare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples