colpire

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(419)

L'uomo colpì l'avversario con un pugno.

l'=uom-o

ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG

colp-ì

beat-PST.3SG

l'=avversari-o

ART.DEF.M.SG=rival-M.SG

con

with

ART.INDF.M

pugn-o

fist-M.SG

‘The man punched his rival.’

★

(634)

L'uomo colpì Marco sulla spalla.

l'=uom-o

ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG

colp-ì

beat-PST.3SG

Marco

Mark

su-lla

on-ART.DEF.F.SG

spall-a

shoulder-F.SG

‘The man hit Mark on his shoulder.’

★

(636)

L'uomo colpì la staccionata con il bastone.

l'=uom-o

ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG

colp-ì

beat-PST.3SG

ART.DEF.F.SG

staccionat-a

wooden_fence-F.SG

con

with

ART.DEF.M.SG

baston-e

stick-M.SG

‘The man hit the wooden fence with the stick.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BEAT	Coding set	Argument type
1	beater	V.subj	A
2	beatee	Ø	P
3	beating instrument	con+NP	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	RRegularly	n	1 > V'.subj[1] > (con+3)	(426) Il pugile colpisce ancora senza sosta. ‘The boxer strikes again, relentlessly.’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] (con+3) (daParteDi+1)	(462) Il pugile viene colpito duramente dall'avversario. ‘The boxer is being struck violently by his opponent.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > con+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(425) Il bersaglio si colpisce così. ‘The target is to be hit in this way.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(423) L'uomo si colpì la fronte con una mano. ‘The man beat his forehead with one of his hands.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	RRegularly	n		(637) Il bastone colpì la staccionata. ‘The stick hit the wooden fence.’ ★
C Middle Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(632) L'uomo si colpì la fronte inavvertitamente. ‘The man hit his forehead accidentally.’ ★
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2] ( > con+3)	(420) I due pugili si colpirono violentemente. ‘The two boxers punched each other violently.’ ★ (424) Ci si colpisce con la spada e con il fioretto. ‘We/you/they (indef) strike each other with épées and with foils.’ ★ (638) Ci si colpisce a vicenda con calci e pugni. ‘We beat each other /They (indef.) beat each other with kicks and fists.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > con+3)	(421) Se si colpisce il pallone con la mano, è fallo. ‘If one touches/we/you/they(indef.) touch the ball with one’s/our/your/their hand, it is a foul.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 (con+3) a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(422) Lo sciamano si colpì con due coltelli. ‘The shaman struck himself with two knives.’ ★ (463) Il monaco si colpiva flagellandosi. ‘The monk flagellated himself.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(424) Ci si colpisce con la spada e con il fioretto. ‘We/you/they (indef) strike each other with épées and with foils.’ ★ (638) Ci si colpisce a vicenda con calci e pugni. ‘We beat each other /They (indef.) beat each other with kicks and fists.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (con+3) (da+1)	(635) Si è colpiti da calci e pugni. ‘One is beaten/We/You/They (indef.) are hit by fists and kicks.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	RRegularly	n		(633) L'uomo colpì la spalla di Marco. ‘The man hit Mark’s shoulder.’ ★
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

colpire

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples