legare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) (con+4)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(290)

Luca legò il cane al palo con la corda.

Luca

Luke

leg-ò

tie-PST.3SG

ART.DEF.M.SG

can-e

dog-M.SG

a-l

to-ART.DEF.M.SG

pal-o

post-M.SG

con

with

ART.DEF.F.SG

cord-a

chain-F.SG

‘Luke tied the dog to the post with the chain.’

★

(347)

I cani feroci vanno legati.

ART.DEF.M.PL

can-i

dog-M.PL

feroc-i

ferocious-M.PL

va-nno

go.PRS-3PL

lega-t-i

tie-PP-M.PL

‘Ferocious dogs are to be tied.’

★

(366)

Luca si è legato la chiave al collo.

Luca

Luke

REFL

be.PRS.3SG

lega-t-o

tie-PP-M.SG

ART.DEF.F.SG

chiav-e

key-F.SG

a-l

to-ART.DEF.M.SG

coll-o

neck-M.SG

‘Luke tied the key around his neck.’

★

(791)

Legai il prigioniero per il braccio alla colonna.

lega-i

tie-PST.1SG

ART.DEF.M.SG

prigionier-o

prisoner-M.SG

per

through

ART.DEF.M.SG

bracci-o

arm-M.SG

a-lla

to-ART.DEF.F.SG

colonn-a

column-F.SG

‘I tied the prisoner to the column by his arm.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TIE	Coding set	Argument type
1	tier	V.subj	A
2	tied thing	Ø	P
3	tying goal	a+NP	X
4	tying instrument	con+NP	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] (a+3) (con+4) (daParteDi+1)	(293) I cani feroci vengono legati. ‘Ferocious dogs are tied up.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] (a+3) (con+4) ( > daParteDi+1)	(297) La barca si lega così al molo. ‘The boat is to be tied to the dock in this way.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(292) Luca si è legato il braccio rotto al collo. ‘Luke tied his broken arm to his neck.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2] ( > a+3) ( > con+4)	(294) Anna e Luca si sono legati reciprocamente alla barca. ‘Anne and Luke tied each other to the boat.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > a+3) ( > con+4)	(295) Si lega la barca al molo e poi si esce. ‘One ties/We/You/They (indef.) tie the boat to the dock and then one goes out /we/you/they(indef.) go out.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) (con+4) da+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(291) Marco si legò alla barca. ‘Mark tied himself to the boat.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(296) La notte durante la navigazione ci si lega alla barca per non cadere a mare. ‘When sailing at night, one ties himself/you tie yourself//we tie ourselves/they tie themselves to the boat, so as not to fall into the sea.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (a+3) (con+4) (da+1)	(554) Si era legati alla sedia. ‘One was/they/we (indef.) were tied to the boat.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	RRegularly	n		(792) Legai il braccio del prigioniero alla colonna. ‘I tied the prisoner's arm to the column.’ ★
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(556) Maria e Anna si legarono il grembiule a vicenda. ‘Mary and Anne tied the each other's aprons.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

legare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples