inviare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3)

Simplex Verb form

Example

(276)

Anna inviò una lettera alla sua amica.

Anna

Anne

invi-ò

send-PST.3SG

un-a

ART.INDF-F.SG

letter-a

letter-F.SG

a-lla

to-ART.DEF.F.SG

su-a

her-F.SG

amic-a

friend-F.SG

‘Anne sent a letter to her friend.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SEND	Coding set	Argument type
1	sender	V.subj	A
2	sent thing	Ø	P
3	sending recipient	a+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(281) Lo stesso messaggio viene inviato a tutti. ‘The same message is sent to everybody.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > a+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(282) Gli inviti si inviano due mesi prima del matrimonio. ‘Invitations are sent out two months before the wedding.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	–No data	y
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > a+3)	(277) Quando si invia il modulo, bisogna includere due fotografie. ‘When sending the form, one needs/we/you/they (indef.) need to attach two photos.’ ★ (278) A dicembre si inviano gli auguri per un felice anno nuovo. ‘In December one sends/we/They (indef.) send New Year’s greetings cards.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	5 > causV'.subj[5] > 2 (a+3) da+1	(777) Marco fece inviare il libro a Giovanna da Anna. ‘Mark made Anna send the book to Jane.’ ★
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(279) Ci si invia piccoli messaggi. ‘People of the same age send short messages to each other.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (a+3) (da+1)	(735) Si è inviati come messaggeri di pace. ‘One is sent as a messenger/We/You/They (indef.) are sent as messengers of peace.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	(280) Anna e la sua amica si inviano sempre messaggi. ‘Anne and her friend always send each other messages.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

inviare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example