prendere

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (da+3)

Simplex Verb form

Example

(231)

Luca prese il denaro da/a sua madre.

Luca

Luke

pres-e

take.PST-3SG

ART.DEF.M.SG

denar-o

money-M.SG

da/a

from/to

su-a

his-F.SG

madr-e

mother-F.SG

‘Luke took the money from his mother.’

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Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TAKE	Coding set	Argument type
1	taker	V.subj	A
2	taken thing	Ø	P
3	taking source	da+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] (da+3) (daParteDi+1)	(233) I libri vengono presi dai biliotecari e consegnati ai lettori. ‘The books are taken by the librarians and given to the readers.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > da+3) ( > daParteDi+1)	(235) Il reperto si prende con i guanti. ‘The find is to be taken when wearing gloves.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(232) L'attore si è preso gli applausi di tutta la platea. ‘The actor received the applause of the whole theatre.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2] ( > da+3)
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2 ( > da+3)	(234) Si prende in mano un reperto per esaminarlo. ‘One holds/We/You/They (indef.) hold an archaeological find to analyse it.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 (da+3) a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(236) Ci si prende spesso il denaro dei propri genitori. ‘One often takes/We/you/They(indef.) often take our parents’ money.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y		(566) Si è presi dalla paura. ‘One/we/they (indef.) is/are overcome by the fear.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/3 > siV'.subj[1/3] > 2	(626) Anna e Luca si prendono la mano. ‘Anne and Luke are taking each other’s hands.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

prendere

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example