sgridare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(195)

Anna sgrida spesso suo figlio.

Anna

Anne

sgrid-a

shout_at-PRS.3SG

spesso

often

su-o

her-M.SG

figli-o

son-M.SG

‘Anne often shouts at her son.’

★

(357)

Marco va sgridato spesso.

Marco

Mark

go.PRS.3SG

sgrida-t-o

shout_at-PP-M.SG

spesso

often

‘Mark is often to be scolded.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SHOUT AT	Coding set	Argument type
1	shouter	V.subj	A
2	shoutee	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(196) Marco è/viene sgridato spesso. ‘Mark is often scolded.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(197) I bambini spesso si sgridano a malincuore. ‘Children are often scolded with reluctance.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2]	(199) Anna e Luca si sgridano a vicenda per il disordine. ‘Anne and Luke are shouting at each other because of the disorder.’ ★ (200) Tra compagne di squadra ci si sgrida e ci si incoraggia. ‘Team-mates encourage and shout at each other.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2	(198) Si sgridano di più i bambini durante le feste. ‘One shouts more at one’s children. /We shout more at our children/You shout more at your children/They shout more at their children during the holidays.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 > a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(200) Tra compagne di squadra ci si sgrida e ci si incoraggia. ‘Team-mates encourage and shout at each other.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (da+1)	(730) Si è sgridati di solito per motivi sciocchi. ‘One is usually shouted at/We/You/They (indef.) are usually shouted at for silly reasons.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

sgridare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples