parlare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > (a+2) (di+3)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(573)

Anna parla a Luca dei suoi progetti.

Anna

Anne

parl-a

talk-PRS.3SG

Luca

Luke

de-i

of-ART.DEF.M.PL

suo-i

her-M.PL

progett-i

plan-M.PL

‘Anne is talking to Luke about her plans.’

★

(571)

Anna parla spesso con Luca del loro matrimonio.

Anna

Anne

parl-a

talk-PRS.3SG

spesso

often

con

with

Luca

Luke

de-l

of-ART.DEF.M.SG

loro

their

matrimoni-o

wedding-M.SG

‘Anne often talks to Luke about their wedding.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TALK	Coding set	Argument type
1	talker	V.subj	S
2	talked to person	a+NP	X
3	talked about content	di+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	NNever	y
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	NNever	y
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(191) Si parlarono senza giungere ad un accordo. ‘They talked without coming to an agreement.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y		(579) Anna e Luca si parlano con sincerità. ‘Anne and Luke talk to each other with sincerity.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV' (a+2) (di+3)	(577) Si parla spesso di questioni poco importanti. ‘One often talks/We/You/They(indef.) often talk about less important matters.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 1 (a+2) (di+3)
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(575) Ci si parla poco nella nostra famiglia. ‘We hardly talk to each other in our family.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	NNever	y
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

parlare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples