aiutare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(540)

Anna aiutò Luca a studiare la matematica.

Anna

Anne

aiut-ò

help-PST.3SG

Luca

Luke

studia-re

study-INF

ART.DEF.F.SG

matematic-a

maths-F.SG

‘Anne helped Luke study maths.’

★

(184)

Quel farmaco aiuta la digestione.

quel

that.M.SG

farmac-o

medicine-M.SG

aiut-a

help-PRS.3SG

ART.DEF.F.SG

digestion-e

digestion-F.SG

‘That drug favours digestion.’

★

(547)

Ci si aiuta poco in questo uffici-o.

IMP

REFL

aiut-a

help-PRS.3SG

poco

a_few

quest-o

this-M.SG

uffici-o

office-M.SG

‘We/You/They (indef.) rarely help each other in this office.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	HELP	Coding set	Argument type
1	helper	V.subj	A
2	helpee	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	RRegularly	n	1 > V'.subj[1]	(549) Questo atteggiamento non aiuta. ‘This behaviour does not help.’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(543) I più deboli vanno aiutati. ‘The weakest are to be helped.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(551) Un collega si aiuta con discrezione. ‘A colleague is to be helped with discretion.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2]	(541) Anna e Luca si aiutano spesso. ‘Anne and Luke often help each other.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2	(545) Spesso si aiuta più volentieri chi non si conosce. ‘One often more readily helps/We/You/They(indef.) often help more readily someone one doesn’t/we/you/they don’t know.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 > a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(185) Marco si aiutò con una corda per arrampicarsi. ‘Mark used a rope to help himself to climb.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(534) Ci si aiuta. ‘One helps oneself. / We/They (indef.) help ourselves/themselves.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (da+1)	(553) Si è aiutati dagli amici. ‘One is/We/You/They (indef.) are helped by friends.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

aiutare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples