pensare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] ( > a+2)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(508)

Mario pensa alla ricompensa.

Mario

pens-a

think-PRS.3SG

a-lla

to-ART.DEF.F.SG

ricompens-a

recompense-F.SG

‘Mario is thinking about the recompense.’

★

(165)

Mario ha pensato un piano di attacco.

Mario

have.PRS.3SG

pensa-t-o

think-PP-M.SG

ART.INDF.M

pian-o

plan-M.SG

attacc-o

attack-M.SG

‘Mario has thought up a plan of attack.’

★

(367)

Mario pensa ad Anna.

Mario

pens-a

think-PRS.3SG

Anna

Anne

‘Mario is thinking about Anne.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	THINK	Coding set	Argument type
1	thinker	V.subj	S
2	thought content	a+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
C Passive more info	MMarginally	y		(167) Il piano d'attacco fu pensato dai congiurati di notte. ‘The plan of attack was thought up by the night-time conspirators.’ ★
C Conative more info	MMarginally	y		(166) Mario ha pensato a un piano di attacco. ‘Mario has thought up a plan of attack.’ ★
C Reflexive Passive more info	NNever	y
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(168) Anna e Luca si pensano spesso. ‘Anne and Luke often think of each other.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV' ( > a+2)	(509) Si è pensato al piano di attacco. ‘One /We/You/They (indef.) thought about the plan of attack.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	3 > causV'.subj[3] (a+2) a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	MMarginally	y		(511) Mario si pensa un genio. ‘Mario regards himself a genius.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(512) Ci si pensa geni. ‘We/You/They (indef.) think of ourselves/themselves as geniuses.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	MMarginally	y		(562) Si pensano continuamente nuove soluzioni. ‘One/ we/ they (indef.) always thinks/think of new solutions.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

pensare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples