spaventare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(44)

Mario ha spaventato Laura di proposito.

Mario

have.PRS.3SG

spaventa-t-o

frighten-PP-M.SG

Laura

proposit-o

purpose-M.SG

‘Mario has frightened Laura on purpose.’

★

(40)

I fiaschi non ci spaventano.

ART.DEF.M.PL

fiasch-i

failure-M.PL

non

NEG

OBJ.1PL

spaventa-no

frighten.PRS-3PL

‘Fiascos don't frighten us.’

★

(46)

Mario fece spaventare i ragazzi da Luca.

Mario

fec-e

make.PST-3SG

spaventa-re

frighten-INF

ART.DEF.M.PL

ragazz-i

boy-M.PL

Luca

Luke

‘Mario made Luke frighten the boys.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FRIGHTEN	Coding set	Argument type
1	frightener	V.subj	A
2	frightenee	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2]	(45) Quei due si spaventano intenzionalmente ogni volta che ne hanno l'occasione. ‘Those two (men) frighten each other whenever they get the chance.’ ★
C Middle Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(42) Gregorio si è spaventato della sua ombra. ‘Gregory was frightened of his shadow.’ ★ (122) Il professore si è spaventato per questo grido di allarme. ‘The professor was frightened by this cry of alarm.’ ★
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2	(124) Si spaventò la folla con un falso allarme. ‘One/They (indef.)/We frightened the crowd with a false alarm.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(123) Ci si spaventa facilmente. ‘One gets easily frightened./We/They (indef.) get easily frightened.’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(43) Il professore è spaventato da questo grido di allarme. ‘The professor is frightened by this cry of alarm.’ ★
U Object Omission more info	MMarginally	n		(41) Mario spaventa per la sua magrezza. ‘Mario frightens everybody because of his skinniness.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(140) La folla si spaventa in questo modo. ‘The crowd is frightened in this way.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Oblique Subject more info	RRegularly	n		(765) La magrezza di Mario spaventa. ‘Mario's skinniness frightens.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 > a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (da+1)	(726) Si viene spaventati dai rumori di notte. ‘One is/We/You/They (indef.) are frightened by noises at night.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

spaventare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples