guardare

Coding frame

1 > V.subj[1] > 2

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(99)

Marco guardava le stelle dal balcone.

Marco

Mark

guarda-v-a

look-IMPF-1SG

ART.DEF.F.PL

stell-e

star-F.PL

da-l

from-ART.DEF.M.SG

balcon-e

balcony-M.SG

‘Mark looked at the stars from the balcony.’

★

(91)

Mi guardo un film stasera.

DAT.1SG

guard-o

look-PRS.1SG

ART.INDF.M

film

stasera

this_evening

‘I'm going to watch a film this evening.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOOK AT	Coding set	Argument type
1	looker	V.subj	A
2	looked at entity	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Clear filters

Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Object Omission more info	MMarginally	n		(105) Marco guardava e non parlava. ‘Mark was looking and he didn’t speak.’ ★ (493) Marco ha guardato in cucina ma non ha visto nulla. ‘Mark looked inside the kitchen but didn't see anything.’ ★
C Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > passV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(494) Marco è stato guardato con scetticismo. ‘Mark was viewed with scepticism.’ ★
C Conative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2 > siV'.subj[2] ( > daParteDi+1)	(104) L'humus si guarda al microscopio. ‘Humus is seen through a microscope.’ ★ (495) I film di avventura si guardano con piacere di notte. ‘Adventure films are watched with pleasure at night.’ ★
U Locative Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Anticausative (coded) more info	NNever	y
C Indirect/Dative Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(492) Marco si è guardato la mano gonfia. ‘Mark looked at his swollen hand.’ ★
U Oblique Subject more info	NNever	n
C Middle Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct Reciprocal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	1/2 > siV'.subj[1/2]	(101) Si guardavano con odio. ‘They looked at each other with hatred.’ ★
U Anticausative (uncoded) more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	siV'.subj[2] > 2	(496) Si guardano spesso film di avventura di notte. ‘At night one often watches/We/You/They (indef.) watch adventure films with pleasure.’ ★
U Causative more info	RRegularly	n	4 > causV'.subj[4] > 2 > a+1
C Direct Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y		(491) Marco si è guardato allo specchio. ‘Mark looked at himself in the mirror.’ ★
C Impersonal of Reflexives more info	RRegularly	y		(103) Ci si guarda con astio senza motivo. ‘We/You/They (indef.) look at each other with resentment, without reason.’ ★
C Impersonal Passive more info	RRegularly	y	siPassV' (da+1)	(723) Si è guardati con curiosità dagli studenti. ‘One is viewed at/We/You/They (indef.) are viewed with curiosity by the students.’ ★
U Body part possessor alternation more info	NNever	n
U Possessor-Attribute Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Applicative more info	NNever	n
C Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

guardare

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples